Endocrine Flashcards
Which systems are primarily responsible for homeostasis?
Endocrine system and nervous system
Endocrine system and digestive system
Endocrine system and urinary system
Endocrine system and integumentary system
The correct answer is Endocrine system and nervous system.
The endocrine system uses ___________ to maintain homeostasis.
Hormones
Electrical impulses
Nucleic acids
Enzymes
The correct answer is Hormones.
The endocrine system maintains homeostasis by producing and secreting chemical messengers called hormones.
Which structure controls the activity of the endocrine system?
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Parathyroid gland
Thyroid gland
The correct answer is Hypothalamus.
The hypothalamus is a structure in the brain that lies inferior to the thalamus. It is connected to the pituitary gland by a stalk. It acts as the control center for the endocrine system.
Which hormone controls the hypothalamus by positive feedback?
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone
Cortisol
Thyroid hormone
The correct answer is Oxytocin.
The hypothalamus is controlled by a feedback mechanism. This helps to prevent disease states by abnormal production of hormones. Most hormones act by negative feedback except for oxytocin which acts by positive feedback.
Which of the following describes negative feedback control of the endocrine system?
Production of a hormone leads to increased production of tropic hormones
Increased production of tropic hormones leads to increased production of target hormone
Production of a hormone feeds back to increase its own production
Production of a hormone feeds back to decrease its own production
The correct answer is Production of a hormone feeds back to decrease its own production.
The hypothalamus is principally controlled by a negative feedback mechanism.
Which of the following glands is known as the master gland?
Pancreas
Pituitary gland
Adrenal gland
Hypothalamus
The correct answer is Pituitary gland.
The pituitary gland is called the master gland. It produces several hormones called tropic hormones that regulate the activities of several endocrine glands.
Which of the following are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
Growth hormone, testosterone, and follicle stimulating hormone
Adrenaline, thyroid stimulating hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, and growth hormone
Oxytocin, prolactin, and estrogen
The correct answer is Adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, and growth hormone.
Which hormone is correctly matched with its function?
Oxytocin- milk production
Growth hormone-secondary sex characteristics.
TSH-stimulation of thyroid gland
FSH- production of testosterone
The correct answer is TSH-stimulation of thyroid gland.
Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and secrete thyroid hormone.
ACTH is produced by the ____________ and acts on the ______________.
Anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex
Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary, adrenal medulla
Posterior pituitary, thyroid gland
The correct answer is Anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary and acts on the adrenal cortex.
Antidiuretic hormone is released from the _________ and acts on the ______________.
Anterior pituitary, kidney
Anterior pituitary, adrenal medulla
Posterior pituitary, breast
Posterior pituitary, kidneys
The correct answer is Posterior pituitary, kidneys.
Which anterior pituitary hormone is correctly matched with its target tissue?
Growth hormone-adrenal cortex
Prolactin-uterus
Thyroid-stimulating hormone-body tissues
Luteinizing hormone-gonads
The correct answer is Luteinizing hormone-gonads. Luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone act on the gonads.
Which hormone is correctly matched with its function?
Follicle stimulating hormone and ovulation in females
Thyroid-stimulating hormone and production of cortisol
Growth hormone and skeletal growth
Prolactin and milk let down
The correct answer is Growth hormone and skeletal growth.
Which of the following correctly describes an endocrine hormone?
Chemical messengers that act on distant tissues
Chemical messengers that act on nearby cells
Electrical impulses that act on nearby cells
Electrical impulses that act on distant tissues
The correct answer is Chemical messengers that act on distant tissues.
Endocrine hormones are chemical messengers that act on distant tissues. When chemicals act on nearby cells, it is called paracrine signaling, and an autocrine action is when hormones act on the same glands that secrete them.
Which of the following is not a function of a hormone?
Energy storage
Growth and development
Gas exchange
Metabolism
The correct answer is Gas exchange. Gas exchange is by the respiratory system.
Which of the following is correct about steroid hormones?
Lipophilic and acts on membrane receptors
Lipophilic and act on intracellular receptors
Hydrophilic and act on intracellular receptors
Hydrophilic and act on membrane receptors
The correct answer is Lipophilic and act on intracellular receptors.
Hormones are chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream. Blood carries hormones to their target tissue where they bind to specific receptors to produce a specific response. Hormones can be:
Steroid hormones: These are hydrophobic so they are carried by protein transporters in the blood. When they get to their target tissue, they cross the cell membrane and act on receptors inside the cell. Steroid hormones are produced mainly by the gonads (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone) and the adrenal glands (cortisol and aldosterone).
Non-steroid hormones: Non-steroid hormones (examples are polypeptide hormones and glycopeptides) are hydrophilic. They are carried by blood to their target tissue. As they are lipophobic and are not fat soluble, they do not cross the plasma membrane but bind to receptors on the cell surface. Examples are insulin, thyroid hormone, glucagon, etc. Most hormones are non-steroid hormones.
Which of the following hormones will act on membrane receptors?
Cortisol
Estrogen
Aldosterone
Insulin
The correct answer is Insulin.
Which of the following glands is correctly paired with its hormone?
Parathyroid gland-Thyroid hormone
Adrenal cortex-Epinephrine
Gonads-Follicle stimulating hormone
Pancreas-Glucagon
The correct answer is Pancreas-Glucagon.
The pancreas is found in the abdomen. It consists of the exocrine pancreas and endocrine pancreas. The exocrine pancreas produces digestive enzymes. The endocrine pancreas produces hormones. It comprises:
Alpha cells, which produce glucagon. Glucagon is stimulated by low glucose levels via cholinergic stimulation. Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. This increases blood sugar to maintain blood glucose levels during starvation.
Beta cells, which produce insulin. Insulin is stimulated by elevated blood glucose levels via adrenergic stimulation. It promotes glucose uptake by cells, glycolysis, and glycogenesis. The action of insulin lowers blood sugar levels.
Delta cells, which produce somatostatin. Somatostatin inhibits both endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretions.
Which hormone plays a role in calcium metabolism?
Glucagon
Aldosterone
Parathyroid hormone
Thyroid hormone
The correct answer is Parathyroid hormone.
The parathyroid glands are found at the back of the thyroid gland in the neck. They are stimulated by low calcium levels. They produce parathyroid hormone, which:
Increases osteoclastic activity in the bones
Increases reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys
Increases production of active vitamin D (1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol) that increases reabsorption of calcium in the GIT
Which of the following is not produced by the adrenal gland?
Cortisol
Thyroid hormone
Aldosterone
Androgen
The correct answer is Thyroid hormone.
The thyroid hormone is produced by the thyroid gland.
The adrenal gland lies on top of the kidneys. It is composed of the:
Adrenal cortex, which produces cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens like dehydroepiandrosterone.
Adrenal medulla, which is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system to produce epinephrine and nor-epinephrine responsible for fight and flight response.
The male gonads are the main glands that produce androgens but the adrenal glands also produce small amounts of androgens.
Which of the following glands is correctly matched with its hormone and function?
Thyroid gland-thyroid hormone-production of active vitamin D
Testes-testosterone-secondary sex characteristics
Adrenal gland-cortisol-increases calcium reabsorption in the kidney
Pancreas-insulin-glycogenolysis
The correct answer is Testes-testosterone-secondary sex characteristics.
The gonads produce sex hormones that are responsible for the secondary sex characteristics. The testes produce testosterone while the ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone.
The hypothalamus releases:
Throtropin releasing hormone
Conritropin relasing hormone
Growth hormone
Prolactin realeasing hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
The anterior pituitary gland :
Is connected to the hypothalamus through a blood supply
Hormones realeased from anterior pituitary gland
Thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH)
Androneocticotrope hormone (ACTH)
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Gondotropin - releases LH and FSH
Thyroid
Producers T3 and T4 -
- metabolism
- development
- neurotransmitters
Produces calcitonin- reduces calcium
