Central Nervous

Question 1

Which system is responsible for receiving information from the environment; processing and integrating the information; initiating a response?

Digestive system
Endocrine system
Circulatory system
Nervous system

Answer 1

Nervous system

Question 2

The nervous system is divided into two parts, namely ___________ and ____________.

The central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
The central nervous system and spinal cord
The central nervous system and somatic nervous system
The central nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Answer 2

The central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

The correct answer is The central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

Question 3

Which structure in the nervous system works together with the endocrine system?

Medulla oblongata
Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Pons

Answer 3

Hypothalamus

The correct answer is Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland work with endocrine glands and are often referred to as the neuro-endocrine axis.

Question 4

What is the function of a neuron?

Phagocytosis
Production of the myelin sheath
Providing nutrients
Generation and transmission of impulses

Answer 4

Generation and transmission of impulses

The correct answer is Generation and transmission of impulses. The nervous system comprises neurons and neuroglia. Neurons generate and transmit impulses. Neuroglia support and protect the neurons.

Question 5

A neuron has ______________.

Many cell bodies, one dendrite, and one axon
One cell body, many dendrites, and one axon
One cell body, one dendrite, and one axon
One cell body, one dendrite, and many axons

Answer 5

The correct answer is One cell body, many dendrites, and one axon.

A neuron has one cell body, many dendrites, and one axon. The dendrites are extensions of the cell body and receive impulses which they convey towards the cell body. The axon is longer and transmits impulses away from the cell body. The axon terminates as terminal bodies.

Question 6

The part of the neuron that receives impulses is called ___________.

Myelin sheath
Axon
Cell body
Dendrite

Answer 6

The correct answer is Dendrite.

A neuron has:
One cell body
Processes
Many dendrites: The dendrites are extensions of the cell body and receive incoming impulses which they convey towards the cell body.

Question 7

The specialized junction from which nerve impulses pass from one neuron to the next is called a _______________________.

Axon terminal
Synapse
Dendrite
Node of Ranvier

Answer 7

Synapse

A synapse is a specialized junction between two nerves. Impulses can move from one nerve (presynaptic neuron) to another (postsynaptic neuron) via neurotransmitters in a chemical synapse

Question 8

Nervous tissues that support a neuron are called ______________.

Ganglion
Neuroglia
Neurotransmitters
Tract

Answer 8

Neuroglia

The correct answer is Neuroglia. The neuroglia, or glial cells, are non-excitable nervous tissue. Glial cells support the neurons. The glial cells are about five times more abundant than neurons.

Question 9

Which of the following statements correctly describes the interneuron?

Conveys impulses from the central nervous system
Conveys impulses from sensory neuron to motor neuron
Conveys impulses to the central nervous system
Conveys impulses from visceral organs

Answer 9

The correct answer is Conveys impulses from sensory neuron to motor neuron.

Interneurons, also called association neurons and connector neurons, connect neurons. They are found in the CNS and connect sensory neurons to motor neurons. They are usually multipolar.

Question 10

Which of the following describes the parts of the brain?

Cerebrum, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, medulla oblongata
Cerebrum, thalamus, pons, midbrain
Cerebrum, spinal cord, hypothalamus, pituitary gland
Cerebrum, basal ganglia, cerebellum, cranial nerves

Answer 10

The correct answer is Cerebrum, thalamus, pons, midbrain.

The brain comprises:

Cerebrum
Thalamus and hypothalamus
Basal ganglia and pituitary gland
Cerebellum
Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata (These three make up the brainstem.)

Question 11

Which of the following is not a part of the central nervous system?

Spinal cord
Cerebellum
Ganglion
Medulla oblongata

Answer 11

The correct answer is Ganglion.

The ganglion is a collection of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. It is not a part of the central nervous system.

Question 12

Which of the following structures is correctly paired with its function?

Pons-memory
Medulla oblongata-posture
Midbrain-behavior
Cerebellum-coordination

Answer 12

The correct answer is Cerebellum-coordination.

The cerebellum lies in the posterior cranial cavity. It lies inferior to the cerebrum and posterior to the pons. It has two hemispheres separated by the vermis. The cerebellum involuntarily coordinates posture, balance, and voluntary muscle movements.

Question 13

Which of the following correctly describes a motor neuron?

Conveys impulses from the central nervous system
Conveys impulses from glands
Conveys impulses to the central nervous system
Conveys impulses from sensory neuron to motor neuron

Answer 13

The correct answer is Conveys impulses from the central nervous system.

Motor neurons convey impulses from the central nervous system.

Sensory neurons convey impulses to the central nervous system

Question 14

An impulse from the brain to the knee joint will travel on ___________ neuron.

Somatic sensory
Somatic motor
Visceral motor
Visceral sensory

Answer 14

The correct answer is Somatic motor.

An impulse from the central nervous system is transmitted via motor neurons. Since the impulse is going to a joint, it will travel on a somatic motor neuron.

Question 15

What kind of neuron is likely to be found in the posterior horn of the spinal cord?

Motor
Sensory
Visceral sensory
Visceral motor

Answer 15

he correct answer is Sensory.
Sensory neurons are found in the posterior horn of the spinal cord.

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the peripheral nervous system?

Memory
Learning
Interpretation of sensory impulses
It conveys sensory impulses to the central nervous system

Answer 16

The correct answer is It conveys sensory impulses to the central nervous system.

The peripheral nervous system comprises cranial nerves (except cranial nerves I and II), spinal nerves, autonomic nerves, and ganglia. The functions of the peripheral nervous system are:

Conveying motor impulses to the skeletal muscle
Conveying sensory impulses to the central nervous system
Autonomic function

Question 17

Which of the following is not a part of the peripheral nervous system?

Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Ganglia
Pons

Answer 17

The correct answer is Pons.
The pons are a part of the central nervous system.

Question 18

Which of these neurons is not found in the peripheral nervous system?

Somatic neuron
Adrenergic neuron
Efferent neuron
Interneuron

Answer 18

The correct answer is Interneuron.

Interneurons are not seen in the peripheral nervous system. Rather, they are found in the central nervous system.

Question 19

How many spinal nerves are present in a human?

33 pairs of spinal nerves
33 spinal nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
31 spinal nerves

Answer 19

31 pairs of spinal nerves.

Question 20

Which of the following describes a simple spinal reflex?

Stimulus-impulse in motor neuron-spinal cord-brain-sensory neuron-action

Stimulus-impulse in motor neuron-spinal cord-sensory neuron-action

Stimulus-impulse in sensory neuron-spinal cord-motor neuron-action

Stimulus-impulse in sensory neuron-spinal cord-brain-motor neuron-action

Answer 20

The correct answer is Stimulus-impulse in sensory neuron-spinal cord-motor neuron-action.

A reflex is an involuntary response to a stimulus. The brain is not involved in a reflex action.

Sensory receptors pick up the stimulus (e.g., touching a hot object).
Sensory neurons convey stimulus to the spinal cord.
Impulse moves from sensory neuron to interneuron in the spinal cord.
Interneuron conveys impulse to motor neuron in the spinal cord.
Motor neuron leaves the spinal cord and conveys the impulse to effector structure.
Effector organ responds (e.g., if you touch a hot object, you automatically withdraw your hand).

Question 21

Which structure in the eye is responsible for color vision?

Cones
Iris
Lens
Rods

Answer 21

The cones are photoreceptors found in the retina.

They function in high light intensity and, as such, are for daytime and color vision.

Question 22

Which of the following structures in the retina is responsible for night vision?

Rods
Fovea
Macula
Cones

Answer 22

The rods are photosensitive receptors found in the retina. They function in low light intensity, so they are for night vision and black and white vision.

Question 23

Which of the following correctly describes the retina?

The middle layer of the eye which focuses light rays
The outer layer of the eye which protects the eye
The inner layer of the eye which generates nerve impulses
The middle layer of the eye which supplies nutrients to the eye

Answer 23

The inner layer of the eye which generates nerve impulses

The inner, nervous layer of the eye is called the retina.
The eye comprises an outer layer, a middle layer, and an inner layer.

Question 24

The central part of the retina with high visual acuity (sharpness) is called the __________.

Rods
Macula
Aqueous humor
Cones

Answer 24

The macula is the central part of the retina.

It contains a lot of cones, which are the photoreceptors that perceive color. Thus, the macula has high visual acuity.

Question 25

Of the following, which structure has the highest visual acuity?

Macula
Retina
Fovea
Aqueous humor

Answer 25

Fovea
The central depressed portion of the macula is called the fovea centralis, and it contains only cones. As such, the fovea centralis is the point with the highest visual acuity.

Question 26

Which of the following does not correctly pair the structure with its function?

Choroid: prevents light that enters the eye from reflecting
Iris: regulates the size of the pupil
Aqueous humor: supplies nutrients to the retina
Ciliary body: secretes aqueous humor

Answer 26

The aqueous humor does not supply nutrients to the retina.
It supplies nutrients and oxygen to the structures in the anterior segment of the eye, i.e., the cornea and the lens.

Question 27

Which of the following structures gives the eye its color?

Iris
Cornea
Retina
Pupil

Answer 27

The iris is a pigmented structure with smooth muscles.

It controls how much light is let into the eye by regulating the size of the pupils and gives individuals their characteristic eye color.

Question 28

Light enters the eye through which of the following structures?

Cornea
Iris
Lens
Sclera

Answer 28

Cornea

Light passes through the transparent cornea and the pupils to get to the lens. The lens refracts the light rays, and subsequently, the rays travel across the vitreous humor to hit the retina.

Question 29

Which of the following sequences correctly describes how light rays from an object get to the retina?

Cornea – aqueous humor – lens – pupil – vitreous humor – retina
Cornea – vitreous humor – pupil – lens – aqueous humor – retina
Cornea – lens – aqueous humor – pupil – vitreous humor – retina
Cornea – aqueous humor – pupil – lens – vitreous humor – retina

Answer 29

Cornea – aqueous humor – pupil – lens – vitreous humor – retina

Light rays from an object enter the eye through the transparent cornea. They travel across the aqueous humor and pass through the pupil to get to the lens. The lens refracts the rays which travel across the vitreous humor to reach the retina.

Question 30

Which of the following sequences shows how visual impulses move from the retina to the brain where they are interpreted?

Retina – thalamus – optic tract – optic nerve – optic radiations – optic chiasm – cerebral Cortex

Retina – optic nerve – optic chiasm – optic tract – thalamus – optic radiations – cerebral cortex

Retina – optic radiations – optic chiasm – optic nerve – optic tract – thalamus – cerebral cortex

Retina – optic radiations – optic nerve – thalamus – optic chiasm – optic tract – cerebral cortex

Answer 30

Retina – optic nerve – optic chiasm – optic tract – thalamus – optic radiations – cerebral cortex

Retina: The retina is made up of two types of photoreceptors, rods and cones, which are neurons that detect light. Rods process low levels of light and motion while cones distinguish color and detail.

Optic nerve: The visual information received by the rods and cones in the retina is then sent through the optic nerve and out the back of the eye towards your brain.

Optic chiasm: The nerves then cross over in an area called the optic chiasm. This crossover allows your primary cortex to get information from both eyes. The optic chiasm is where visual information is sorted and broken up for more processing. The left field of vision is processed by the right side (or cerebral hemisphere), and the right field of vision is processed by the left cerebral hemisphere.

Optic Tract: The optic nerve then continues from the optic chiasm to the thalamus. This part of the optic nerve is called the optic tract.
Thalamus: All sensory information enters the thalamus. In particular, it enters a part of the thalamus called the LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus). From here, visual information is organized and sent off to the primary cortex.

Optic Radiations: The organized information is then sent through axons (nerve fibers) to the cerebral cortex. This series of nerve fibers is called optic radiations.

Question 31

Which of the following is not found in the bony labyrinth of the ear?

Semicircular canals
Vestibule
Cochlea
Auditory ossicles

Answer 31

Auditory ossicles

The outer ear: It is also called the auricle or pinna and consists of cartilage and skin.

The middle ear: It is an air-filled cavity that sits between the eardrum (tympanic membrane) and the inner ear and includes three tiny bones called ossicles. These bones are the incus, malleus, and stapes.

The inner ear: It is made up of the bony labyrinth (the semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea), membranous labyrinth, and eustachian tube.

Question 32

Which structure in the ear is most sensitive to horizontal movement?

Utricle
Auditory ossicles
Tympanic membrane
Eustachian tube

Answer 32

Utricle

The utricle is a membranous structure found in the vestibule.
It is sensitive to horizontal motion.
In contrast, the saccule, which is also a part of the vestibule, is sensitive to vertical motion.

Question 33

Which of the following describes the function of the saccule?

Detects vertical movement of the head
Detects sound waves
Amplifies sound waves
Detects horizontal movement of the head

Answer 33

Detects vertical movement of the head

The saccules are sensitive to the vertical movement of the head. They help in balance and posture.

Question 34

Which structure generates auditory nerve impulses recognized by the brain?

Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Organ of Corti
Auditory ossicles

Answer 34

Organ of Corti

The organ of Corti detects sound waves and generates neural impulses, which are sent to the brain.
The organ of Corti is found in the cochlear duct.
Sound waves which arrive at the oval window disturb the perilymph (an internal ear fluid) found in the cochlea.
These waves are transmitted to the cochlear duct.
The organ of Corti senses these vibrations and generates nerve impulses transmitted to the brain, where they are interpreted.

Question 35

Which of the following amplifies sound waves?

Semicircular canal
Bony labyrinth
Organ of Corti
Stapes

Answer 35

Stapes

The stapes is an auditory ossicle. The auditory ossicles are three small bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) in the middle ear which amplify sound waves and transmit them to the inner ear.

Question 36

Which structure is responsible for equalizing ear pressure?

Membranous labyrinth
Cochlear duct
Tympanic membrane
Eustachian tube

Answer 36

Eustachian

The Eustachian tube links the middle ear to the nasopharynx.
It helps to equalize ear pressure.
It also clears the debris and secretions in the middle ear.

Question 37

Which of the following structures is correctly paired with its function?

Tympanic membrane – for vertical balance

Cochlear – for horizontal balance

Semicircular canal – transmit auditory nerve impulses to the brain

Auditory ossicles – amplifying sound waves

Answer 37

Auditory ossicles – amplifying sound waves

The auditory ossicles include three bones: incus, malleus, and stapes. Their function is to amplify sound waves.

Question 38

Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its function?

Oval window – transmits sound from ossicles to cochlea

Auricle – funnels sound waves to the external auditory canal

Tympanic membrane – conducts sound to the malleus

Cochlea – equalizes ear pressure

Answer 38

Cochlea – equalizes ear pressure

The cochlea does not equalize ear pressure.
It detects sound waves and generates nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain.
It is the eustachian tube that maintains ear pressure.

Question 39

The cristae ampullaris is found in the _________ .

Cochlea
Vestibule
Eustachian tube
Semicircular canal

Answer 39

The Semicircular canal

The semicircular canals have three membranous ducts, which have dilated ends called the ampulla. Sensory receptors on the ampulla are called cristae ampullaris. The cristae ampullaris are sensitive to rotatory and angular movement

Question 40

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the passage of sound waves?

Auricle – external auditory canal – tympanic membrane – malleus – incus – stapes – oval window – organ of Corti – brain

Auricle – external auditory meatus – tympanic membrane – stapes – incus – malleus – oval window – organ of Corti – brain

Auricle – external auditory meatus – tympanic membrane – malleus – incus – stapes – round window – organ of Corti – brain

Auricle – external auditory meatus – tympanic membrane – stapes – incus – malleus – round window – organ of Corti – brain

Answer 40

Auricle – external auditory canal – tympanic membrane – malleus – incus – stapes – oval window – organ of Corti – brain

The auricle picks up sound waves and funnels them down the external auditory canal, where they hit the tympanic membrane.
The tympanic membrane conducts the sound waves to the malleus. The malleus, incus, and stapes amplify the sound waves as these move across them to reach the oval window.
The sound waves then cause a vibration in the cochlea picked up by the organ of Corti.
After that, the organ of Corti generates nerve impulses which it sends, via the cochlear nerve, to the brain for interpretation.