endocrine Flashcards
what does the endocrine system use to deliver hormones?
blood vessels
hypothalamus
portion of the brain that maintains homeostasis
link between endocrine and nervous system
hypothalamus hormones
highly involved in pituitary
neurohormones that start and stop pituitary hormones
temp, HR, fluid, sleep, appetite
ADH
increases water absorption into the blood via kidneys
CRH
sends message to anterior pituitary to stimulate adrenal glands and secrete corticosteroids, regulating metabolism and immune response
GnRH
stimulates anterior pituitary to release follicle releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone to ensure normal ovary and testes functions
pituitary gland
hormones control other glands, thyroid, adrenal, ovaries, testes
signaled by hypothalamus
pineal gland
releases melatonin (circadian and reproduction)
thyroid
regulates metabolism
controlled by hypothalamus and pituitary
thyroid hormone
maintains metabolism extracts iodine from the blood and incorporates into thyroid hormone
hormones of the thyroid
T3 (20%) T4 (80%)
parathyroid gland
secretes parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium 
helps neuronal and muscular
parathyroid hormone
causes cell bones to release calcium into bloodstream
increases formation of active vitamin D
cortisol
produced by adrenal cortex
regulates metabolism and response to stress
asldosterone
produced by adrenal cortex
controls BP
adrenal medulla
non essential hormones
adrenaline- response to stress
hydrocortisone
adrenal cortex glucocorticoid
regulates conversation of fats, protein, and carbs to energy
corticosterone
works with hydrocortisone to regulate immune response and suppress inflammatory response
norepinephrine
adrenal medulla
vasoconstriction, high BP in response to stress
islets of langerhans
clumps of endocrine cells in the pancreas
gastrin
pancreas
aids digestion by stimulating cells to produce acid
glucagon
pancreas
helps insulin maintain BG by stimulating cells to release glucose
insulin
pancreas
maintains BG by allowing cells to absorb and use glucose
somatostatin
pancreas
secreted to maintain levels of other hormones (glucagon, insulin) when they get too high
vasoactive intestinal peptide
hormone that controls water secretion and absorption from intestines by stimulating intestinal cells to release water and salts.
diabetes
blindness, ESRD, lower limb amputation
type 2 manifestations
fatigue, infections, prolonged wound healing, visual changes
gestational diabetes
macrosomia
cardiac and CNS anomalies
inhibit fetal surfactant productions
hyperbilirubinemia
acute hyperglycemia
blurred vision, pruritus, there Ps (polydipsia, Uria, phagia
diabetic ketoacidosis
hyperglycemia, ketosis, acidosis, dehydration
hyperthyroidism
increase BMR, cardiovascular, GI, neuromuscular
weight loss, heat intolerance
hyperthyroidism features
exophthalmus, dysrhythmias
thyroid storm
cardiac, sensory, edema, airway
hypothyroidism
decreased BMR, heat production (cold), GI, myxedema
hyperparathyroidism
hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia
metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia
iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism
caused by total parathyroidectomy of hyper plastic glands
most common
idiopathic hypoparathyroidism
associated with adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, DM, pernicious anemia, gonadal failure,
pseudohypoparathyroidism
unresponsive to PTH
hypoparathyroidism features
kidney stones, respiratory, tetany
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
excessive amount of ADH, resulting in water intoxication and hyponatremia
diabetes insipidus
deficiency in production of SH, excess amount of water
DI manifestations
polyuria, polydipsia, dry tenting skin, fluid volume deficits
Cushing syndrome
adrenal cortex, excess cortisol/ ACTH
cushings manifestations
moon face, thin hair, htn,
thymosin
develops disease fighting T cells
addison’s disease
hypo function of adrenal cortex
lack of ACTH secretion from pituitary
addison’s disease manifestations
hyperpigmentation of skin
hypovolemia
confusion, muscle weakness,
tachy, dysrhythmias, OHTN
