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Mariam Anatomy Year 2 > Endocrine 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Label the endocrine glands

A
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2
Q

What is the hollow called that the pituitary gland sits in?

A

Sella turica

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3
Q

In what bone is the sella turica found?

A

sphenoid bone

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4
Q

How is the optic chiasm related to the pituitary gland?

A

Is directly above pituitary

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5
Q

How does enlargement of the pituitary gland affect a surrounding structure?

A

Impinges the crossing of fibres of the optic chiasm

Resulting in bitemporal hemionopia

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6
Q

What lobes are present in the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior lobe

Posterior lobe

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7
Q

What is A?

A

III ventricle

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8
Q

What is B?

A

Optic chiasm

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9
Q

What is C?

A

Pars intermedia

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10
Q

What is D?

A

Anterior pituitary

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11
Q

What is E?

A

Posterior pituitary

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12
Q

What is F?

A

Mamillary bodies

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13
Q

Which of the pituitary lobes is larger?

A

Anterior pituitary

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14
Q

Which of the pituitary lobes is glandular and manufactures numerous hormones?

A

Anterior pituitary

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15
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary lobe?

A

Releases neuroendocrine hormones

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16
Q

How do you recognise the anterior and posterior lobes of pituitary in histology?

A

Anterior - dark stained

Posterior - pale stained

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17
Q

What is A?

A

Posterior pituitary

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18
Q

What is B?

A

Anterior pituitary

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19
Q

What are the 3 cell types in anterior pituitary and how do they stain?

A

Acidophilic (stain pink)

Basophilic (stain light purple)

Chromophobic (do not stain so appear pale)

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20
Q

What is A?

A

Acidophils

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21
Q

What is B?

A

Basophils

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22
Q

What is C?

A

Chromophobes

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23
Q

What are the different classes of acidophils?

A

Somatotrophs

Mammotrophs

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24
Q

What does each class of acidophil secrete?

A

Somatotrophs - GH

Mammotrophs - prolactin

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25
Q

What is the target organ of GH?

A

Thymus gland

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26
Q

What is the target organ of prolactin?

A

Mammary gland

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27
Q

What are the different classes of basophils?

A

Corticotrophs

Thyrotrophs

Gonadotrophs

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28
Q

What are the secretory products of each basophil?

A

Corticotrophs - ACTH and MSH

Thyrotrophs - TSH

Gonadotrophs - FSH and LH

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29
Q

What is the target organ of ACTH?

A

Adrenal cortex

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30
Q

What is the target organ of MSH?

A

Melanocytes

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31
Q

What is the target organ of TSH?

A

Thyroid gland

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32
Q

What is the target organ of FSH?

A

Testes & ovaries

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33
Q

What is the target organ of LH?

A

Testes & ovaries

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34
Q

What are the secretory products of the anterior pituitary?

A

GH

Prolactin

ACTH

MSH

TSH

FSH

LH

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35
Q

What are the main secretory cells in the posterior pituitary?

A

Magnocellular neurons

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36
Q

What hormones do magnocellular neurons secrete?

A

Oxytoxin

Vasopressin

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37
Q

What is the arterial supply of the pituitary gland?

A

Superior hypophysial artery - enters hypothalamus before breaking up into capillaries (hypophysial portal system) that supply the anterior pituitary gland

Inferior hypophysial artery - supplies posterior pituitary

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38
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pitutiary?

A

Through the hypothysial portal system

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39
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pitutiary?

A

Through the infindibulum (blood vessels run through)

Also known as pituitary stalk

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40
Q

What is the pituitary stalk also known as?

A

Infundibulum

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41
Q

What is the venous drainage of the pituitary gland?

A

Through hypophysial veins into the cavenous sinus

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42
Q

Where do hypophysial veins drain into?

A

Cavernous sinus

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43
Q

Where is the thyroid gland in relation to the trachea and larynx?

A

Anterior to trachea

Inferior to larynx

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44
Q

The thyroid gland is located between what vertebral levels?

A

C5 to T1

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45
Q

The isthmus lies opposite what tracheal rings?

A

2nd to 4th tracheal rings

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46
Q

What are the strap muscles that overlie the thyroid gland?

A

Thyrohyoid

Cricothyroid

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47
Q

What is A?

A

Hyoid bone

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48
Q

What is B?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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49
Q

What is C?

A

Omohyoid muscle

50
Q

What is D?

A

Cricoid cartilage

51
Q

What is E?

A

Sternohyoid muscle

52
Q

What is F?

A

Sternothyroid muscle

53
Q

What is G?

A

Common carotid artery

54
Q

What is H?

A

Thyrohyoid muscle

55
Q

What is I?

A

Internal jugular vein

56
Q

What are the 2 nerves that supplies the muscles of the vocal cords? Describe their relation to the thyroid gland?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerves - runs between trachea and oesophagus

External laryngeal nerve - lies close to superior thyroid artery

57
Q

External laryngeal nerve is a branch of what?

A

Branch of superior laryngeal nerve

58
Q

What does the superior thyroid artery arise from?

A

ECA

59
Q

From what artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise from?

A

Subclavian artery

60
Q

What is the arterial blood supply to thyroid gland?

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

61
Q

Into which vein does the superior thyroid vein drain into?

A

IJV

62
Q

Into which vein does the middle thyroid vein drain into?

A

IJV

63
Q

Into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain into?

A

Brachiocephalic vein

64
Q

What is the venous drainge of the thyroid gland?

A

Superior thyroid vein

Middle thyroid vein

Inferior thyroid vein

65
Q

Where do most lymph vessels from the thyroid gland drain into?

A

Deep cervical group of lymph nodes

66
Q

How are the hormones stored in the thyroid gland?

A

In cavities surrounded by secretory cells, this makes follicles

Hormone is bound to glycoprotein and is called a colloid

During secretion is reabsorbed from cavity and then released into interstitial space

67
Q

What are hormones bound to in the thyroid gland?

A

Glycoprotein and called colloid

68
Q

What kind of cells lines follicles in thyroid gland?

A

Follicular cells

69
Q

What colour does colloid stain in histology?

A

Pink

70
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

Thyroxine and triidothyroxine

71
Q

Other than follicular cells, what is the other main cell in thyroid gland?

A

Parafollicular cells (also called clear or C cells)

72
Q

Relative to the thyroid gland, where is the parathyroid gland?

A

Posterio lateral

73
Q

How many parathyroid glands do most people have?

A

4, but this can vary

74
Q

What are the parathyroid glands seperated from the thyroid gland by?

A

Thin fibrous capsule

75
Q

What is the arterial supply to the parathyroid glands?

A

Predominantly from the inferior thyroid arteries

76
Q

What is the venous drainage of the parathyroid glands?

A

Via the veins draining the thyroid gland to the IJV

77
Q

What does this show?

A

Parathyroid gland

78
Q

What is A?

A

Fibrous capsule

79
Q

What is B?

A

Adipose tissue

80
Q

What is C?

A

Chief cells

81
Q

What is D?

A

Oxyphil cells

82
Q

What hormone is released by parathyroid gland?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

83
Q

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) act on?

A

Bone, kidney and intestine - enhances release of calcium from bone/reabsorption from kidneys and intestine

84
Q

What are the suprarenal glands seperated from the kidneys by?

A

A capsule

85
Q

Are the suprarenal glands retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

86
Q

What are the 2 parts of the suprarenal glands?

A

Outer cortex

Inner medulla

87
Q

Embryologically, what gives rise to the cortex and the medulla of the suprarenal glands?

A

Cortex - mesodermal epithelium

Medulla - neuroectoderm

88
Q

What is the arterial supply of the suprarenal glands?

A

Through suprarenal arteries that arise from the inferior phrneic arteries, the aorta and the renal arteries

89
Q

How many suprarenal veins are there?

A

1

90
Q

Where does the suprarenal vein drain into on the right and left gland?

A

Right - IVC

Left - left renal vein

91
Q

What is A?

A

Right inferior suprarenal artery

92
Q

What is B?

A

Right middle suprarenal artery

93
Q

What is C?

A

Right superior suprarenal artery

94
Q

What is D?

A

Coeliac trunk

95
Q

What is E?

A

Left superior suprarenal artery

96
Q

What is F?

A

Left middle suprarenal artery

97
Q

What is G?

A

Left inferior suprarenal artery

98
Q

What is H?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

99
Q

What is I?

A

Left renal artery

100
Q

What is J?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

101
Q

What is K?

A

Aorta

102
Q

What is M?

A

Right renal artery

103
Q

Histologically, what can the cortex of the suprarenal glands be divided into?

A

Outer zona glomerulosa (thin)

Middle zona fasciculata (thick)

Inner zona reticularis (immediately adjacent to medulla)

104
Q

What cells are found in the suprarenal glands medulla and what do they secrete?

A

Ovoid chromaffin cells that secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline

105
Q

What are the 3 main hormones secreted from each zone of the suprarenal medulla?

A

Zona glomerulosa - aldosterone

Zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids

Zona reticularis - androgens

106
Q

What is A?

A

Capsule

107
Q

What is B?

A

Zona glomerulosa

108
Q

What is C?

A

Zona fasiculata

109
Q

What is D?

A

Zona reticularis

110
Q

What is E?

A

Cortex

111
Q

What is F?

A

Medulla

112
Q

What is this image of?

A

Suprarenal gland

113
Q

Is the pancreas retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

114
Q

What cells are found within Islet of Langerhans and what do they secrete?

A

Alpha cells - glucagon

Beta cells - insulin

Delta cells - somatostatin

F cells - pancreatic polypeptide

115
Q

What is A?

A

Intercalated duct

116
Q

What is B?

A

Blood vessel

117
Q

What is C?

A

Acini of exocrine pancreas

118
Q

What is D?

A

Interlobular duct

119
Q

What is E?

A

Intralobular duct

120
Q

What is F?

A

Islet of Langerhans (endocrine pancreas)

121
Q

What is the endocrine pancreas called?

A

Islets of Langerhans

Mariam Anatomy Year 2 (21 decks)

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