Endo I

Question 1

thyroid embryo

Answer 1

floor primitive pharynx - descend into neck

connected tongue - thyroglossal duct

Question 2

anterior midline neck mass moves with swallowing

Answer 2

thyroglossal duct cyst

Question 3

branchial cleft cyst

Answer 3

persistent cervical sinus

in lateral neck

Question 4

foramen cecum

Answer 4

remnant thyroglossal duct

Question 5

ectopic thyroid

Answer 5

MC site - tongue

Question 6

adrenal cortex embryo

Answer 6

meoderm

Question 7

adrenal medulla embryo

Answer 7

neural crest

Question 8

GFR

Answer 8

salt, sugar, sex
-sweeter as go deeper

zona glomerulosa - aldosterone
zona fasciculata - cortisol - some sex hormones
zona reticularis - sex hormones

Question 9

regulator of GFR

Answer 9

G - ANG II - RAAS
F - ACTH, CRH
R - ACTH, CRH

Question 10

adenohypophysis

Answer 10

anterior pituitary

embryo - rathkes pouch
-oral ectoderm

Question 11

neurohypophysis

Answer 11

posterior pituitary

embryo - neuroectoderm

Question 12

neurophysins

Answer 12

carrier proteins - posterior pituitary

Question 13

pancreas cell t ypes

Answer 13

AGP, BIC, DSI

• alpha - glucagon - peripheral
• beta - insulin - central
• delta - somatostatin - interspersed

Question 14

acidophil anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 14

GH

PRL

Question 15

basophil anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 15

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH

FLAT

Question 16

hormone subunits TSH, LH, FSH, hCG

Answer 16

a - common subunit

B - determine hormone specificity

Question 17

insulin secretion

Answer 17

equal amounts of C-peptide

insulinoma - elevated insulin and C-peptide
exogenous insulin - elevated insulin only

Question 18

sulfonylurea

Answer 18

increased insulin secretion

-C-peptide also increased

Question 19

insulin receptor

Answer 19

tyrosine kinase

Question 20

GLUT4

Answer 20

insulin dependent
-increased expression with insulin stimulation

• insulin receptor - tyrosine kinase
• RAS,MAP kinase pathway - growth and DNA synthesis
• PI3 kinase pathway - GLUT 4 to membrane and glycogen, lipid, protein synthesis

adipose tissue and skeletal muscle

Question 21

GLUT2

Answer 21

bidirectional

B-islet, liver, kidney, small intestine

Question 22

insulin release

Answer 22

glucose - GLUT2 > increased ATP

• stimulate closure K channels - depolarization
• voltage gated Ca open
• Ca into cell - exocytosis insulin granules

Question 23

GLUT1

Answer 23

RBC, brain, cornea

Question 24

GLUT3

Answer 24

brain

Question 25

GLUT5

Answer 25

fructose | -spermatocyte, GI tract

Question 26

brain energy

Answer 26

glucose normally | ketone bodies - starvation

Question 27

glucagon release

Answer 27

a cells of pancreas -catabolic - glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis inhibited by insulin, hyperglycemia, somatostatin

Question 28

dopamine feedback

Answer 28

inhibit PRL secretion

Question 29

tesamorelin

Answer 29

GHRH analog -increase HG tx HIG associated lipodystrophy

Question 30

GnRH feecback

Answer 30

PRL inhibit secretion

Question 31

somatostatin

Answer 31

inhibit GH and TSH

Question 32

TRH

Answer 32

increased TSH and PRL

Question 33

CRH

Answer 33

stimulate ACTH, MSH, and B-endorphin release

Question 34

excess PRL

Answer 34

inhibit GnRH

Question 35

PRL release

Answer 35

inhibited by dopamine dopamine release stimulated by PRL -so PRL inhibits own release through PRL

Question 36

antipsychotics

Answer 36

dopamine antagonists | -stimulate PRL secretion

Question 37

bromocriptine

Answer 37

DA agonist | -inhibit PRL secretion

Question 38

somatotropin

Answer 38

GH stimulate growth - through IGF-1 (somatomedin C) also - increased insulin release

Question 39

GH release

Answer 39

in pulses -response to GHRH inhibited by glucose and somatostatin

Question 40

ghrelin

Answer 40

stimulate hunger and GH release increased with sleep loss and prader willi

Question 41

leptin

Answer 41

satiety hormone -from adipose decreased during starvation mutation - conbenital obesity decreased leptin with lack of sleep

Question 42

endocannabinoids

Answer 42

stimulate cortical reward center | -desire high fat food