Endo I Flashcards
thyroid embryo
floor primitive pharynx - descend into neck
connected tongue - thyroglossal duct
anterior midline neck mass moves with swallowing
thyroglossal duct cyst
branchial cleft cyst
persistent cervical sinus
in lateral neck
foramen cecum
remnant thyroglossal duct
ectopic thyroid
MC site - tongue
adrenal cortex embryo
meoderm
adrenal medulla embryo
neural crest
GFR
salt, sugar, sex
-sweeter as go deeper
zona glomerulosa - aldosterone
zona fasciculata - cortisol - some sex hormones
zona reticularis - sex hormones
regulator of GFR
G - ANG II - RAAS
F - ACTH, CRH
R - ACTH, CRH
adenohypophysis
anterior pituitary
embryo - rathkes pouch
-oral ectoderm
neurohypophysis
posterior pituitary
embryo - neuroectoderm
neurophysins
carrier proteins - posterior pituitary
pancreas cell t ypes
AGP, BIC, DSI
- alpha - glucagon - peripheral
- beta - insulin - central
- delta - somatostatin - interspersed
acidophil anterior pituitary hormones
GH
PRL
basophil anterior pituitary hormones
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
FLAT
hormone subunits TSH, LH, FSH, hCG
a - common subunit
B - determine hormone specificity
insulin secretion
equal amounts of C-peptide
insulinoma - elevated insulin and C-peptide
exogenous insulin - elevated insulin only
sulfonylurea
increased insulin secretion
-C-peptide also increased
insulin receptor
tyrosine kinase
GLUT4
insulin dependent
-increased expression with insulin stimulation
- insulin receptor - tyrosine kinase
- RAS,MAP kinase pathway - growth and DNA synthesis
- PI3 kinase pathway - GLUT 4 to membrane and glycogen, lipid, protein synthesis
adipose tissue and skeletal muscle
GLUT2
bidirectional
B-islet, liver, kidney, small intestine
insulin release
glucose - GLUT2 > increased ATP
- stimulate closure K channels - depolarization
- voltage gated Ca open
- Ca into cell - exocytosis insulin granules
GLUT1
RBC, brain, cornea
GLUT3
brain
GLUT5
fructose
-spermatocyte, GI tract
brain energy
glucose normally
ketone bodies - starvation
glucagon release
a cells of pancreas
-catabolic - glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis
inhibited by insulin, hyperglycemia, somatostatin
dopamine feedback
inhibit PRL secretion
tesamorelin
GHRH analog
-increase HG
tx HIG associated lipodystrophy
GnRH feecback
PRL inhibit secretion
somatostatin
inhibit GH and TSH
TRH
increased TSH and PRL
CRH
stimulate ACTH, MSH, and B-endorphin release
excess PRL
inhibit GnRH
PRL release
inhibited by dopamine
dopamine release stimulated by PRL
-so PRL inhibits own release through PRL
antipsychotics
dopamine antagonists
-stimulate PRL secretion
bromocriptine
DA agonist
-inhibit PRL secretion
somatotropin
GH
stimulate growth - through IGF-1 (somatomedin C)
also - increased insulin release
GH release
in pulses
-response to GHRH
inhibited by glucose and somatostatin
ghrelin
stimulate hunger and GH release
increased with sleep loss and prader willi
leptin
satiety hormone
-from adipose
decreased during starvation
mutation - conbenital obesity
decreased leptin with lack of sleep
endocannabinoids
stimulate cortical reward center
-desire high fat food
