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Clinical Med II > Endo > Flashcards

Endo Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine

A

glands lack ducts and thus must secrete hormones into surrounding blood capillaries

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2
Q

Exocrine

A

glands secrete their products into a duckt

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3
Q

regulatory chemical secreted into the blood by and endocrine gland or organ.

A

Hormone

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4
Q

most hormones are _______

A

excitatory

“excite” or “to stir up”

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5
Q

Endocrine gland secretes hormones via two mechanisms

A

Stored:
Hormones may be stored in large amounts within cellular secretory granules and released upon stimulation

Synthesized and secreted:
Or they are continually synthesized and secreted

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6
Q

what is the only thing that respond to a given hormone?

A

the target cell

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7
Q

Composed of chains of amino acids that are shorter than about 100 amino acids

A

Polypeptides

ex: insulin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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8
Q

Composed of a polypeptide longer than 100 amino acids to which is attached a carbohydrate.

A

Glycoproteins

ex: FSH and LH

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9
Q

Derieved from the amino acids tyrosine and trytophan, they include hormones secreted by the adrenals, thyroid and pieoneal glands

A

Amines

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10
Q

Lipid-soluble: dereived from cholesterol

A

Steroids

ex: testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol

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11
Q

secreted by the testes, ovaries, placenta and adrenal cortex

A

sex steroids

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12
Q

secreted only by the adrenals

A

corticosteroids

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13
Q

Corticosteroids include:

A
  1. Cortisol (regulates glucose balance)

2. Aldosterone, (regulates salt balance)

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14
Q

4 types of hormones

A

Polypeptides
Glycoproteins
Amines
Steroids

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15
Q

Paracrine (online definition)

A

relating to or denoting a hormone that has effect only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it.

denoting a type of hormone function in which hormone synthesized in and released from endocrine cells binds to its receptor in nearby cells and affects their function.

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16
Q

Paracrine Regulation

A

When the chemical regulatory molecules are release and act within an organ.
The cells of an organ regulate one another.
Work without being transported by the blood
Occurs in many organs and amoung the cells of the immune system

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17
Q

Paracrine examples

A

Cytokines
Growth Factors
Prostaglandins

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18
Q

Prostaglandins

A

drived from the precursor molecule arachidonic acid, released from cell membrane under hormonal or other stinulation/stress. Promotes many aspects of inflammations, including pain and fever.

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19
Q

Growth factor

A

promotes growth and cell division of specific organs.

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20
Q

Cytokines

A

regulate diff cells of the immune system

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21
Q

Endocrine disorders

A

Caused by hormone imbalance

results when hormone secretion, synthesis, or actions have failed to elicit a normal target tissue or organ response.

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22
Q

The hypothalamus releases _____________ to the anterior pituitary and ________________ to the posterior pituitary, and directly effects the adrenals

A

releasing hormones, neuro signal

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23
Q

is composed of neuraons that secrete neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and neurohormones

A

Hypothalamus

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24
Q

Posterior pituitary stores and secretes what hormones?

A 
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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25
Q

The “love” hormone

A

Oxytocin
stretching of cervix and uterus during labor
bonding, anxiety, fear, depression, romantic attachment, sexual arousal, maternal behaviors

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26
Q

Oversees fluid homeostasis by mediating water absorption in the kidney nephrons

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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27
Q

ADH

A

relased when the body is dehydrated and causes the kidneys to conserve water, thus concentrating the urine and reducing urine volume.

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28
Q

Diabetes insidpidus

A

A disorder of salt and water metabolism marked by intense thirst and heavy urination.

Hypernatremia, polyuria and polydipsia

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29
Q

SIADH

A

Syndrome of inappopriate antidiuretic hormone

Cancer (small cell CA), CNS infections, brain bleeding
Rx: antidepressants and carbamazepine, vincristine, fluoroquinolones

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30
Q

Central Diabetes Insipidus

A

Anterior Pituitary fails to produce ADH

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31
Q

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

A

Kidney fails to repond to ADH

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32
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Hormones of the anterior pituitary

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33
Q

Hormones

A

a product of living cells that circulates in body fluids (such as blood) or sap and produces a specific often stimulatory effect on the activity of cells usually remote from its point of origin; also : a synthetic substance that acts like a hormone.

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34
Q

Autocrine

A

denoting or relating to a cell-produced substance that has an effect on the cell by which it is secreted.

35
Q

Negative Feedback

A

a regulatory mechanism in which a ‘stimulus’ causes an opposite ‘output’ in order to maintain an ideal level of whatever is being regulated. Steps of Negative Feedback Loops All negative feedback loops occur in a series of steps.

36
Q

Somogyi effect

A

hyperglycemia following an episode of hypoglycemia; especially : hyperglycemia that occurs after breakfast following nocturnal hypoglycemia and that may occur in type 1 diabetes especially when too much insulin has been taken the day before —called also Somogyi phenomenon.

37
Q

Endocrine

A

relating to or denoting glands which secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood:

38
Q

Diurnal variation

A

Variations that occur at night…

need to update

39
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar (also spelled hyperglycaemia or hyperglycæmia) is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma. This is generally a blood sugar level higher than 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl ), but symptoms may not start to become noticeable until even higher values such as 15–20 mmol/l (~250–300 mg/dl ).

40
Q

Paracrine

A

relating to or denoting a hormone which has effect only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it.

41
Q

Positive feedback

A

process in which the end products of an action cause more of that action to occur in a feedback loop. This amplifies the original action.

42
Q

Dawn Phenomenon

A

The dawn phenomenon, sometimes called the dawn effect, is an early-morning (usually between 2 a.m. and 8 a.m.) increase in blood sugar (glucose) which occurs to some extent in all humans, more relevant to people with diabetes.

43
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Reactive or postprandial hypoglycemia, thought to be a precursor of diabetes mellitus, is a form of low blood sugar that develops rather suddenly several hours after ingestion of a high carbohydrate meal. It is characterized by a blood sugar level of 50 mg/100 ml or less, and symptoms of palpitations, sweating, anxiety, hunger, and tremulousness.

44
Q

Sheehan Syndrome

A

Sheehan’s syndrome, also known as postpartum pituitary gland necrosis, is hypopituitarism (decreased functioning of the pituitary gland), caused by ischemic necrosis due to blood loss and hypovolemic shock during and after childbirth.

45
Q

Anterior pituitary Hormones

A 
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormon (TSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)2
Follicle-stimlating hormone (FSH)
46
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A 
Oxytocin
Arginine Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
47
Q

Laron Syndrom

A

GH deficiency dwarfism

48
Q

Addison’s dx

A

bilateral adrenal gland destruction

49
Q

SIADH

A

Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone

Too much anti diuretic hormone causing the tissues in the body to retain water and “dilute” therefore hyponatremia

50
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

too little ADH therefore pee it all out and hypernatremia. (dehydration)

51
Q

GH is secreted in what manner?

A

pulsitile

52
Q

largest surge of GH occurs when

A

about an hour after onset of sleep.

53
Q

nearly 50% of GH secretio occurs when

A

3rd and 4th NREM sleep stages

54
Q

stimulators of GH

A

androgens during puberty, clonidine/levadopa, nicotine, hypoglycemia, fasing, vigorous exercise

55
Q

Inhibiors of GH secretion

A

circulating concentrations of GH and IGF-1, hyperglycemia, glucocorticoids, dihydrotestosterone

56
Q

Cause of GH

A

pituitary tumor composed of somatotroph cells (adenoma)… acromegally

57
Q

Chronic elevated ACTH levels occure in primary adrenal insufficiency

A

Addison’s disease (low cortisol)

Adrenal gland production of cortisol is chronically deficient

58
Q

Excess ACTH with excess cortisol

A

Cushings

59
Q

Excess ACTH with cortisol deficiency

A

Addison’s

60
Q

aldosterone does what to the body

A

maintains the right balance of salt and water while helping to control blood pressure

61
Q

Where is aldosterone produced in the body

A

adrenal cortex

62
Q

what part of the adrenal gland is epi/adrenaline and norepi/noradrenaline produces

A

Medulla

63
Q

specific symptoms of adrenal insufficiency

A

skin hyperpigmentation, postural hypotension, salt cravings, psychosis

64
Q

primary adrenal insufficiency

A

Addison’s dx

autoimmne attack on the adrenal glands
not enough aldosterone or cortisol

65
Q

Adrenal crisis

A

No cortisol

Life threatening emergency

66
Q

Pheochromocytoma located where

A

adrenal medulla

stimulates E and NE all the time (so a secondary streen for HTN.

67
Q

rule of 10’s

A

Pheochromocytoma

10% malignant (lymph node, liver, lung, bone and muscle
10% bilateral
10% extra adrenal
10% familial

68
Q

secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

reduced secretion of ACTH

69
Q

Causes of Primary adrenal insufficiency

A

autoimmune
infection: TB, fungal (hystoplasmosis), HIV
thromobosis, necrosis or hemorrhage to adrenal cortex

70
Q

causes secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

empty sella syndrome, sarcoidosis, tumors, histocytosis
sheehan’s dx: ischemic pituitary necrosis due to severe blood loss during pregnancy
head trauma

71
Q

causes of tertiary adrenal insufficiency

A

long term use of glucocorticoids

72
Q

lab studies for adrenal insufficiency

A 
increased creatnine/bun
hyperkalemia
hyponatremia
hypoglycemia
normocytic anemia
elevated TSH
73
Q

five S’s for adrenal crisis treatment

A 
Salt (saline)
Sugar (dextrose)
Steroids (cortisol)
Support
Search illness
74
Q

Plummer’s dx

A

autonomous hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules that produce hyperthyroidism are known as toxic multinodular gointer.

75
Q

Euthyroid sick syndrome

A

patients without known thyroid disease who are found to have a low serum FT4 with serum TSH that is not elevated. This syndrome can be seen in patients with severe illness, caloric deprivation, or major surgery

76
Q

serum levels of T4 and T3 that are excessive for the individual

A

Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxosis)

77
Q

symptoms in hyperparathyroidism

A

bones, stones, abdominal groans, psychic moans with fatigue overtones

78
Q

recommended calcium intake for post menopausal female

A

1200-1500 mg day

79
Q

recommended vit D intake for post menopausal female

A

800-1000

80
Q

cvostek’s

A

contraction of the ipsilateral facial muscles elicited by tapping the facial nerve just anterior to the ear.

81
Q

Trousseau’s

A

carpal spasm by inflation of a sphygmomanometer above systolic blood pressure for three minutes

82
Q

Wermer’s syndrome

A

MEN1
Parathyroid hyperplasia
multicentric pituitary tumors
pancreatic tumors

83
Q

Sipple syndrome

A

Men 2A
medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
pheochromocytoma
hyperparathyroidism

84
Q

MEN 2B

A

medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
pheochromocytoma
mucosal neuromas

Clinical Med II (6 decks)

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