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Endo Flashcards

1
Q

Pineal gland controls?

A

circadian cycles

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2
Q

what gland produces melatonin?

A

pineal gland

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3
Q

main function of thyroid gland?

A

metabolism

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4
Q

what does the thyroid gland release?

A

Calcitonin (LOWERS Ca+ in blood)
-T3 and t4

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5
Q

Calcitonin is?

A

helps lower blood calcium by:

Inhibiting bone breakdown

Promoting calcium storage in bone
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6
Q

how many glands are in the parathyroid?

A

4

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7
Q

what does parathyroid do?

A

Regulate calcium levels in blood (INCREASES ca+ in blood)

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8
Q

what does the adrenal cortex do?

A

controls glucose

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9
Q

what is the outer part of the adrenal gland?

A

adrenal cortex

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10
Q

what is the inner part of the adrenal gland?

A

adrenal medulla (emergency mode)

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11
Q

adrenal medulla release?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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12
Q

is the hypothalamus apart of the endocrine system?

A

no

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13
Q

what controls the pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamus

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14
Q

what is created in the thymus?

A

T cells and WBC

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15
Q

what are the main functions of the pancreas?

A

glucose and digestion regulation (produces enzymes that break down food/hormones)

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16
Q

function of growth hormone?

A

makes glucose go up

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17
Q

what organ releases ACTH?

A

adrenal cortex

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18
Q

what releases TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)?

A

anterior pituitary gland

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19
Q

what is the main function of TSH?

A

stimulates the thyroid to make T3 and T4

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20
Q

when theres more blood, bp goes?

A

up (higher)

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21
Q

what are the 3 hormones released by the anterior lobe?

A

growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

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22
Q

posterior lobe hormone?

A

vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone or ADH)

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23
Q

what is cushing disease?

A

adrenal cortex is overstimulated (too much ACTH is released)–> adrenal cortex responds by making too much cortisol.

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24
Q

what is Addison’s disease?

A

adrenal cortex doesn’t make enough cortisol and Aldosterone .

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25
what does aldosterone do?
salt and H2O balance
26
what do bisphoshonates do?
decrease calcium (from bones and blood)
27
when calcium is too high in the body, what medication do u give?
bishposhonates
28
what hormone is released by the hypothalamus?
CRH (corticotropin)
29
what does the adrenal cortex make?
Estrogen, testosterone, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, aldosterone (can cause inflammation)
30
what does calcium do?
clotting, cardiac conduction (heartbeat), nerve conduction
31
glucocorticoids do?
controls glucose
32
what is a aromatase inhibitor
lowers estrogen levels in the body by blocking the enzyme aromatase.
33
what are the mineralocorticoids do?
regulate salt and potassium
34
aldosterone makes bp go?
up
35
route for prednisolone is only?
oral (med reduces inflammation and suppression of immune system)
36
uses for prednisolone?
Asthma Allergic reactions Autoimmune diseases (like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis) Inflammatory conditions (like colitis)
37
what are the adverse effects of prednisolone?
vertigo, hypotension, fluid retention, GI bleeding, SOB
38
pancreas is both?
exocrine gland (secreting digestive enzyme with duct) and endocrine gland (secreting hormones into blood stream)
39
what are the two main hormones that are produced by the pancreas?
insulin and glucagon (dextrose)
40
excessive glucose is stored?
becomes glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle tissue
41
alpha cells secrete?
glucagon
42
beta cells secrete?
insulin
43
islet of langerhans are?
clusters of hormone-producing cells and they regulate blood glucose level
44
how does insulin enter a cell?
with potassium (like a can opener)
45
where is insulin secreted?
from beta cells of the islets of langerhans
46
polyphagia
excessive hunger or increased appetite. (body doesn't register excessive glucose and makes you eat)
47
polyuria is?
excessive peeing (due to body trying to flush out excessive glucose in body)
48
polydipsia is?
excessive thirst
49
fat metaboilsm leads to?
keytones (acid in body)
50
glucagon is released by?
alpha cells
51
glycogenolysis is?
Break down of glycogen into glucose
52
glycogen is?
stored glucose (in liver)
53
if TSH is high it is?
hypothyroidism
54
if TSH is low it is?
hyperthyroidism
55
sympathetic nervous system controls what?
adrenal medulla (it releases epinephrine)
56
what hormone decreases the glucose levels in the body?
Insulin
57
diabetes mellitus is?
lack of insulin secretion of beta cells (pancreas) for defects of insulin receptors
58
type 1 diabetes is?
autoimmune disorder characterized by complete or nearly lack of insulin (immune system [T cells] destroys the insulin-producing beta cells)
59
type 2 diabetes?
caused by weight gain and inactivity (body doesn't respond properly to insulin---> pancreas tries to make more insulin) RECEPTORS don't work
60
there are no beta cells in?
type 1 diabetes
61
What's an example of a cell that doesn't need insulin?
brain cells
62
euglycemia is?
normal blood glucose levels (70-125)
63
hyperglycemia ranges?
126 (fasting) and 200 for higher
64
hypoglycemia is?
blood glucose lower than 70
65
hemoglobin A1C is?
hemoglobin molecules bound to glucose molecules (used to see average glucose level)
66
what are some long term effects of type 1 and 2 diabetes?
MI, stroke, peripheral vascular, coronary arteries [macrovascular] and retinopathy, neuropathy, nerve damage, nephronpathy [microvascular]
67
diabetic ketoacidosis happen when?
caused by metabolism of fats
68
hypersmolar hyperglycemic syndrome is?
metabolic complication of type 2 (uncontrolled): blood glucose levels, severe dehydration, and altered mental status (no keytones or acidosis)
69
what number is considered hyper glycemic?
higher than 600 (more than 5 days)
70
what is considered diabetic ketoacdosis?
lower than 600 less than 2 days
71

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