Enculturation and Socialization Flashcards
Biological inheritance
NATURE
Cultural Inheritance
NURTURE
the product of social processes and social interactions through forms of socialization and enculturation
self
Refers to a lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
SOCIALIZATION
helps us how to judge situations and includes social roles
SOCIALIZATION
the process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire the values and behaviors appropriate or necessary
ENCULTURATION
GOALS OF SOCIALIZATION
Teaches impulse control; develop a conscience.
prepare and perform certain social roles.
Cultivates shared sources of
meaning and values.
a sociological concept
self (Mead and the Development of Social Mind)
known as one of the founders of social psychology and Chicago social tradition
George Herbert Mead
explanation of mead’s concept which states that being not exposed or surrounded by people can affect a person’s mind development
feral child
characterized by mead as ‘I’ and ‘Me’ in which ‘I’ is the response to ‘me’
I and Me Theory
the response of an individual to the attitudes of others (ex. react to pain)
‘I’
organized set of attitudes of others which an individual assumes; how you express yourself according to your age, place, and who you are with
‘Me’
Four stage processes of self development
Imitation - gestures and sounds
Play - what is acceptable or not
Game - learn not all roles are equal
“The generalized other”
the stage where a child takes different roles he/she observes in “adult” society and plays them to understand
Play
child becomes to become both subject and object
play
taking a role of everyone in a game; organizations begin and personalities emerge; personal development
game
taking a role of everyone in a game; organizations begin and personalities emerge; personal development
game
individual understands what kind of behavior is expected or appropriate in different social settings
“The generalized other”
development of an individual’s distinct personality which is regarded as a persisting entity in a particular stage of life
identity formation
sum of a being’s knowledge of oneself
self concept:
feeling of identity in group or a culture
cultural identity
identification within an ethnicity usually on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry
ethnical identity
An ethical and philosophical concept whereby all humans divided into groups called a nation
national identity
The set of beliefs and practices generally held by and individual involving adherence to codified beliefs and rituals
religious identity
rule that guides a behavior of a society or a group
norms
things that exist in society independent of individuals and shape our thoughts
social facts
conforms to the norms
normal
what we perceive as normal/think should be normal regardless of what it actually is; beliefs express as directives
normative
Stating what we should not do
PROSCRIPTIVE
Stating what we should do
PRESCRIPTIVE
the social self in Mead’s theory
“me”
response to the social self or me
“I”
“remaking behavior” usually done by humans around 1-2 years old
Imitation
Not considered as part of the self development process; it only imitates ‘copies’
Imitation
Three true stages of development according to Mead
Imitation
Play
Game
(4th is only the summary/general idea)
components of self concept
physical
psychological
social attributes
IDENTITIES UNDER IDENTITY FORMATION
Cultural
Ethnic
National
Religious
often considered to be punishments/consequences, like legal sanctions.
Social Sanction
Refers to norms for routine and casual interaction.
FOLKWAYS
Refers to norms that are widely observed and have a great more significance
MORES
norms that structures the difference between right and wrong
MORES
Who came up with the idea of folkways and mores?
William Graham Sumner
strong negative norm; violating it results in extreme disgust
Taboo
culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful; serves as broad guidelines for social living
Values
ASPECTS OF SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF VALUE
exist at different levels of generality and abstraction
tend to be hierarchically arranged
are explicit and implicit in varying degrees
often in conflict with others
ASPECTS OF SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF VALUE
exist at different levels of generality and abstraction
tend to be hierarchically arranged
are explicit and implicit in varying degrees
often in conflict with others
important concepts of socialization because the behavior of the young members of society are controlled by assigning them certain status to enact
Status and Roles
“Before we can deal with anyone, we need to know who the person is.”
Status and Roles
“Before we can deal with anyone, we need to know who the person is.”
Status and Roles
person who defined the difference between Status and Roles
George Simmel
position in a social system (ex. teacher, doctor)
Status
TYPES OF STATUS
Ascribed
Achieved
a social position received at birth or is taken involuntarily later in life
Ascribed Status
a social position a person voluntarily takes that reflects personal identity and effort
Achieved Status
refers to the behavior expected of someone holding a status
Role
Conflict among roles connected to two or more statuses
Role Strain
results from the competing demands of two or more roles that vie for our time and energy
Role Strain
He first articulated the idea of impression management wherein individuals may improvise on the performance of their role so that they appear ‘presentable’
Erving Goffman
Has bearing on the formation of a person’s self-identity (impression management)
Role Manipulation
It has the power and influence to create a favorable public opinion of a particular person and can break or repair a damaged persona
Impression management
can break or repair a damaged persona
Impression management
IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT TACTICS
Behavioral Matching
Self-Promotion
Conforming to Situational Norms
Appreciating or Flattering Others
Being Consistent
target of perception matches his or her behavior to that of the perceiver; idolized personalities’ behavior influences the perceiver
Behavioral Matching
target tries to present his/herself in as positive a light as possible
Self-Promotion
target follows agreed-upon rules for behavior in the organization
Conforming to Situational Norms
When the target compliments the perceiver; works best when flattery is not extreme and when it has a dimension important to the perceiver
Appreciating or Flattering Others
the target’s beliefs and behaviors are consistent; Has an agreement between verbal and nonverbal behaviors
Being Consistent
