Encephalopathies Flashcards
lysosomal storage disease signs + signalment
chronic, progressive encephalopathy
born NORMAL - signs show by 8-9 months
tremors + cerebellar signs
hydrocephalus signs + signalment
acute or chronic insidious onset of signs
born normal or abnormal
toy breeds
what are the most common primary neoplasias in dogs
meningiomas and gliomas
meningiomas: older dogs, acute or chronic clinical signs
glioma: middle aged to older, acute or chronic signs
thiamine deficiency signs + signalment
symmetrical signs
chronic, progressive onset
types of immune mediated encephalitis
MUE (meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology)
- GME
- NME, NE
common causes of infectious encephalitis
cryptococcus, bacterial, distemper, rabies, FIP, protozoal, parasitic
ischemic stroke signs + signalment
peracute (<24 hr) to acute onset
static to improving clinical signs
hemorrhagic stroke signs + signalment
peracute to acute onset
static to improving clinical signs
granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME) forms
- ocular
- focal (majority; brainstem, C spine, cerebellum)
- multifocal
granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME) signalment
small breeds
age 3-7 yo
acute onset of clinical signs
granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME) clinical signs
acute, progressive:
- vestibular signs
- long tract - CP deficits, paresis
- cerebellar signs
- CN deficits
- seizures
granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME) on histopathology
lymphoplasmacytic inflammation with perivascular cuffing
encephalitis and/or myelitis
necrotizing encephalitis (NME, NE)
“pug encephalitis”
necrosis and cavitation of the meninges and cerebrum
necrotizing encephalitis (NME, NE) signalment
small breeds (pugs»)
young dogs (1-2 yrs)
acute onset of clinical signs
necrotizing encephalitis (NME, NE) clinical signs
cerebral signs - seizures, altered mentation, compulsivity, pacing
asymmetric circling
necrotizing encephalitis (NME, NE) on histopathology
lymphoplasmacytic inflammation
grey matter disease - causes meningitis AND encephalitis
signs of necrosis and cavitation
necrotizing leukoencephalitis (NLE)
necrosis and cavitation of the white matter
small breeds
young to middle aged
white matter disease - NO meningitis
diagnosis of an immune mediated encephalitis
presumptive diagnosis - use signalment/history + MRI + CSF to evaluate
- MUST rule out infectious agents
CSF: mononuclear pleocytosis, high protein, negative infectious disease testing
definitive diagnosis: biopsy
treatment of immune mediated encephalitis
immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids
adjunctive therapies can be used to reduce steroid dose; has the best results
differentials for a chronic, progressive asymmetric paradoxical vestibular disease
- primary neoplasia - meningioma vs glioma
- secondary neoplasia
- infectious or immune mediated encephalitis
history for brain tumors
- vague clinical history
- rapid progression/acute decompensation
- LATERALIZING neurological deficits
clinical signs for brain tumors in cats
behavioral changes - most common
seizures
altered mentation
circling
lethargy/anorexia
clinical signs of brain tumors in dogs
seizures - most common
circling
ataxia
head tilt
altered mentation
brain tumor diagnosis
- minimum database
- MRI > skull rads > CT
- CSF analysis
biopsy required for definitive diagnosis
what is the most common brain tumor in dogs and cats
meningiomas
occurs in older dogs and cats (10-12 years)
meningioma distribution
supratentorial or infratentorial
extra-axial - sits on brain surface
meningioma treatment and prognosis
- palliative - prednisone
- surgery
- radiation therapy
prognosis: up to 2 years w/ surgery and RT
what is the second most common brain tumor in dogs
gliomas
(RARE in cats)
originate from astrocytes or oligodendrocytes
middle aged to older dogs (8-11)
- boxers
- bostons
- bulldogs
- pitbulls
treatment and prognosis for gliomas
palliative care
surgery
radiation therapy
POOR prognosis - <1 year with surgery and radiation
glioma distribution
supratentorial
very few are infratentorial
intra-axial - located within parenchyma
