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VET 433: Neurology > Cerebral Disease > Flashcards

Cerebral Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 6 cortical regions

A
  1. olfactory
  2. frontal
  3. parietal
  4. temporal
  5. occipital
  6. limbic system
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1
Q

cerebrum

A

cerebral hemispheres + basal nuclei

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2
Q

olfactory region

A

olfactory bulbs + tracts + piriform lobes

ONLY sensory information that does not pass through the thalamus

connects to the limbic system

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3
Q

frontal lobe

A

primary motor cortex + motor association cortex

responsible for behavior, planning, and judgment

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4
Q

parietal lobe

A

dorsal aspect of the cerebrum, caudal to the cruciate sulcus

responsible for somatosensory (touch, pain, temperature, etc)

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5
Q

temporal lobe

A

lateral aspect of the cerebrum

auditory cortex

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6
Q

occipital lobe

A

caudal most aspect of cerebrum

visual cortex

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7
Q

limbic system

A

hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, mammillary bodies, etc

responsible for emotion, memory, instinct

4 Fs - fear, flight, food, repro

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8
Q

is cerebral cortex white or grey matter

A

grey matter

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9
Q

is cerebral medulla white or grey matter

A

both
grey: basal nuclei
white: tracts and fibers

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10
Q

caudate nucleus

A

located along the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles

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11
Q

what is the function of cerebral white matter

A

links the cortical areas with each other and with the subcortical structures

corona radiata, internal capsule, interthalamic adhesion

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12
Q

thalamus

A

part of the brainstem that processes all sensory information EXCEPT olfaction

diseases of thalamus appear similar to cerebral disease

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13
Q

medial lemniscal pathway steps

A

DRG –> nucleus (caudal brainstem) –> decussates –> medial lemniscus –> thalamus –> cerebrum

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14
Q

medial lemniscal pathway function

A

afferent pathway

allows for conscious proprioception on the CONTRALATERAL side

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15
Q

corticospinal tract function

A

cerebrum –> motor neurons

efferent pathway

not very important in animals; cerebral disease does NOT cause primary motor pathway deficits (paresis)

16
Q

rubrospinal tracts function

A

brainstem –> motor neurons

efferent pathway

responsible for motor activity in animals

17
Q

function of the cerebrum

A

receives sensory input and plans actions (motor response)

responsible for consciousness, personality, and thought

18
Q

function of the basal nuclei

A

programs actions

19
Q

brainstem and spinal cord function

A

executes actions as directed by the basal nuclei

20
Q

signs of cerebral dysfunction

A
  1. seizures
  2. altered mentation
  3. altered behavior (head pressing, compulsive walking/pacing)
  4. circling toward the lesion
  5. contralateral postural deficits in TL and PLs
  6. contralateral central blindness w/ normal PLRs
  7. abnormal posturing (decerebrate)
  8. contralateral hemiparesis (mild)
  9. +/- cervical pain
21
Q

what maintains cerebral awareness/mentation

A

reticular activating system (RAS)

passes through brainstem and cerebrum

altered mentation indicates cerebral or brainstem disease

22
Q

mentation types

A
  • BAR: bright, alert, responsive
  • obtunded: decreased response to noxious stimuli
  • stuporous: response only to noxious stimuli
  • comatose: no response to noxious stimuli
23
Q

behavior changes

A
  • changes in normal behavior
  • inappropriate behaviors
  • aggression
  • loss of training
  • hyperexcitability
  • loss of personality/typical behaviors

ex. head pressing, wide circling, compulsive walking/pacing

24
Q

decerebrate posture

A

separation of the cerebrum from the brain

  1. rigid extension of all 4 limbs
  2. opisthotonus (neck extension)
  3. comatose mentation
25
Q

postural reactions

A

proprioceptive positioning (knuckling), hopping, wheelbarrowing, hemiwalking, extensor thrust, visual/tactile placing

NOT specific for cerebral disease - occurs with brainstem, spinal cord, and peripheral disease

26
Q

will postural reaction deficits due to cerebral disease be contralateral or ipsilateral to the lesion

A

contralateral

27
Q

effect of cerebral disease on motor/movement

A

should have minimal effect

may have mild hemiparesis in both the TL and PL on one side (contralateral lesion)
NO tetra/paraparesis

28
Q

is central blindness due to cerebral disease on the contralateral or ipsilateral side

A

contralateral vision loss and menace deficits with NORMAL PLRs

29
Q

what is the hallmark clinical sign of cerebral disease

A

seizures

30
Q

if signs are symmetric/diffuse - what disease categories are most likely

A

affect entire cerebrum

degenerative
metabolic
nutritional
toxic

31
Q

if signs are lateralized (one sided) - what disease categories are most likely

A

structural lesions

neoplasia
inflammatory
vascular

32
Q

what are the main diagnostics for cerebral disease

A

minimum database
MRI
CSF analysis

VET 433: Neurology (12 decks)

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