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LMUCVM Anatomy I > Encephalon > Flashcards

Encephalon Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS consists of the _____ and _____.

A

encephalon; spinal cord (medulla spinalis)

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2
Q

The _____ nervous system consist of:
12 pairs of cranial nn.
36 pairs of spinal nn.
Nn & trunks of the ANS

A

peripheral

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3
Q

What is the proper anatomical term for the “spinal cord”?

A

medulla spinalis

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4
Q

The _____ nervous system is voluntary and is related to squeletic muscles.

A

somatic

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5
Q

The _____ nervous system is involuntary/visceral and is related to smooth m., the heart, and glands.

A

autonomic

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6
Q

The _____ _____ is not in the spinal cord but is present in the encephalon.

A

nucleus cortex

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7
Q

The following 2 features are associated with which embryonic layer?
-neural tissue
-epidermis

A

ectoderm

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8
Q

This embryonic layer develops into somites that differentiate into skeletal and m. tissues, notochord, blood vessels, dermis, and CTs:

A

mesoderm

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9
Q

This embryonic layer forms the epithelium of the digestive and respiratory systems, and organs associated with the digestive system, such as the liver and pancreas:

A

endoderm

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10
Q

The _____ _____ is formed in the ectoderm, dorsal to the notochord of the mesoderm.

A

neural plate

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11
Q

The cells in the neural plate form a _____ _____.

A

neural groove

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12
Q

The cells in the borders of the neural groove form the:

A

neural crests

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13
Q

The cells of neural crests will form most of the _____ nerve system, including ganglia and spinal nerves.

A

peripheral

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14
Q

When the rest of the neural groove cells close, they will form the _____ _____, including a neural canal in the middle.

A

neural tube

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15
Q

The neural tube will form the _____ nerve system, including the encephalon and spinal cord.

A

central

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16
Q

The neural canal expands in the encephalon and forms big cavities known as:

A

ventricles

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17
Q

The dorsal grey column is [sensory/motor].

A

sensory

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18
Q

The ventral grey column is [sensory/motor], and forms the horns of the spinal cord.

A

motor

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19
Q

Sensory nuclei are more [dorsal/ventral].

A

dorsal

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20
Q

Motor nuclei are more [dorsal/ventral].

A

ventral

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21
Q

The brainstem will have nuclei, but will not have:

A

horns

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22
Q

The anatomical name for the “midbrain” is:

A

mesencephalon

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23
Q

The anatomical name for the “hindbrain” is:

A

rhombencephalon

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24
Q

The anatomical name for the “forebrain” is:

A

prosencephalon

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25
Q

Caudal to the brain, the neural tube becomes the:

A

spinal cord

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26
Q

What are the 3 enlargements of the neural tube?

A

prosencephalon; mesencephalon; rhombencephalon

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27
Q

The mesencephalon and rhombencephalon have _____/reflex functions.

A

autonomic

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28
Q

The rhombencephalon is attached to the:

A

spinal cord

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29
Q

The 3 enlargements of the neural tube form the:

A

encephalon

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30
Q

The neural tube is further divided into 5 main sections. What are these sections?

A

telencephalon; diencephalon; mesencephalon; metencephalon; myelencephalon

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31
Q

The prosencephalon forms the _____ and _____.

A

telencephalon; diencephalon

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32
Q

The rhombencephalon forms the _____ and _____.

A

metencephalon; myelencephalon

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33
Q

The telencephalon forms the _____ of the brain.

A

hemispheres

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34
Q

The diencephalon contains one of the most important nuclei related to pain, known as the:

A

thalamus

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35
Q

What is known as the “little brain”?

A

cerebellum

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36
Q

Which encephalon division has no secondary vesicles?

A

mesencephalon

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37
Q

This structure is related to the hypophysis (pituitary):

A

hypothalamus

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38
Q

The cerebrum is made up of the _____.

A

telencephalon

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39
Q

What division of the brain are the following associated with?
-voluntary movements
-movements from external sensations
-thinking, learning, memory

A

cerebrum (telencephalon)

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40
Q

The following are part of which division of the brain?
-diencephalon
-mesencephalon
-metencephalon
-myelencephalon

A

brainstem

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41
Q

Which division of the brain are the following associated with?
-autonomic (digestive, cardiovascular regulation, hormones)
-sympathetic and parasympathetic
-limbic reactions

A

brainstem

42
Q

Which division of the brain are the following associated with?
-“little brain”
-fine motricity
-balance

A

cerebellum

43
Q

The myelencephalon is also known as the _____ _____.

A

medulla oblongata

44
Q

The [ascending/descending] impulse toward the cortex from the myelencephalon/medulla oblongata -> consciousness.

A

ascending

45
Q

The [ascending/descending] impulse from the cortex, to the spinal cord, from the myelencephalon/medulla oblongata, via the radial nerve -> voluntary movement.

A

descending

46
Q

Cranial nerves VI-XII are related to which part of the brain?

A

myelencephalon/ medulla oblongata

47
Q

What is the most important nerve in the myelencephalon/medulla oblongata?

A

vagus (CN X)

48
Q

This is the first and most caudal portion of the neural tube, which is known as the floor of the IV ventricle.

A

rhomboid fossa

49
Q

The rhomboid fossa is seen when the _____ is removed.

A

cerebellum

50
Q

These are the “highway” for the descending motor neurons:

A

pyramids

51
Q

Crossover of descending motor fibers. It is considered the boundary between the encephalon and spinal cord.

A

decussation of pyramids

52
Q

This is the point of the largest crossover of upper motor neurons:

A

decussation of pyramids

53
Q

True or false?
100% of the muscles from the left side have upper motor neurons on the opposite side (and vice versa).

A

true

54
Q

Which part of the brain is associated with the following:
-passage of ascending and descending projection neurons
-arousal/awareness
-UMN nuclei
-CN V

A

pons/ ventral metencephalon

55
Q

Which cranial nerve, one of the most elongated, is associated with the pons?

A

trigeminal nerve (CN V)

56
Q

Each side of the pons has a connection with the:

A

cerebellum

57
Q

The pons has _____ fibers.

A

transverse

58
Q

This area is filled with cerebral spinal fluid:

A

rhomboid fossa (floor of IV ventricle)

59
Q

What structure is on the side of the rhomboid fossa?
(hint - “bunch of axons in CNS”

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

60
Q

This part of the brain is associated with coordination of motor function:

A

cerebellum/ dorsal metencephalon

61
Q

Folds of the cortex of the cerebellum (peripheral grey matter/neuron somas):

A

folias

62
Q

What can we find next to the folias of the cerebellum?

A

grooves

63
Q

Corresponds to the tree shape formation formed by the white matter (axons) found in the center of the cerebellum.
(hint - very evident in sagittal section of organ)

A

arbor vitae

64
Q

What does the “tree of life” refer to:

A

arbor vitae

65
Q

This part of the cerebellum helps maintain a level of tonicity/contraction of muscle and aids in balance and position.

A

vermis

66
Q

The size of cerebellar hemisphere depends on:

A

motricity

67
Q

Our balance is related to the _____ ear.

A

inner

67
Q

Helps with the coordination and movement related to motor skills, as well as maintaining posture, balance, and equilibrium.

A

cerebellum

68
Q

Which part of the brain is associated with the following:
-visual/auditory reflexes
-arousal/awareness
-CN III, IV

A

mesencephalon

69
Q

What are the 2 nerves associated with the mesencephalon?

A

CN III and IV

70
Q

The tectum of the mesencephalon has 4 formations known as:

A

colliculi

71
Q

This structure is a tube/canal in the middle of the tectum and peduncle of the mesencephalon. It communicates with the 4th ventricle.

A

aqueduct

72
Q

The rostral colliculi are associated with _____ reflexes.

A

visual

73
Q

The caudal colliculi are associated with _____ reflexes.

A

auditory

74
Q

Which part of the brain is associated with the following:
-gateway/relay center to forebrain (b4 hemispheres reached)
-autonomic/homeostatic control
-arousal/awareness
-CN II

A

diencephalon

75
Q

Which nerve is associated with the diencephalon?

A

optic nerve (CN II)

76
Q

The part of the diencephalon filters important sensations from receptors:

A

thalamus

77
Q

This part of the diencephalon regulates the hypophysis, aka “the master gland”:

A

hypothalamus

78
Q

The _____ _____ is found dorsal and caudal to the epithalamus. It produces melatonin. The shape of the gland resembles a pine cone.

A

pineal gland

79
Q

What part of the brain differentiates us from animals?

A

telencephalon

80
Q

Which part of the brain is associated with the following:
-receives/processes sensory input
-voluntary motor control
-integration of info
-memory/storage
-behavior
-CN I

A

telencephalon

81
Q

Which part of the brain allows us to understand death?

A

telencephalon

82
Q

Superficial grey matter is associated with the [cortex/basal nuclei].

A

cortex

83
Q

Deep grey matter is associated with the [cortex/basal nuclei].

A

basal nuclei

84
Q

The [cortex/basal nuclei] has/have 6 or 3 layers of somas.

A

cortex

85
Q

The [cortex/basal nuclei] regulate(s) our movements.

A

basal nuclei

86
Q

The [cortex/basal nuclei] isare only in the hemisphere and cerebellum.

A

cortex

87
Q

What are the 3 types of fibers of the telencephalon?

A

association; projection; commissurals

88
Q

These fibers associate areas in the same side (ipsilateral):

A

association

89
Q

These fibers communicate superior with inferior areas and vice versa:

A

projection

90
Q

These fibers communicate contralateral areas, right with left and vice versa:

A

commissural

91
Q

Primary commissural region of the brain consisting of white matter tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres:

A

corpus callosum

92
Q

Group of subcortical nuclei within the brain responsible mainly for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions, emotional behaviors, reward/reinforcement, addictive behaviors, and habit formation:

A

basal nuclei

93
Q

Basal nuclei modify _____.

A

movements

94
Q

The _____, also called the isocortex, or 6-layered cortex, is the cerebral cortex involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands or spatial reasoning.

A

neocortex/neopallium

95
Q

The _____ and _____ are parts of the phylogenetically oldest region of the brain’s cerebral cortex. It is often considered contiguous with the olfactory cortex

A

arquipallium; paleopallium

96
Q

This system is described by a group of brain structures involved in behavioral and emotional responses, especially for survival, feeding, reproduction, and caring for our young, and our fight or flight response:

A

limbic system

97
Q

The limbic system is also in charge of _____ term memory.

A

short

98
Q

The limbic system can take control of the _____ cortex.

A

voluntary

99
Q

What is an important structure in the brain that is part of the limbic system?

A

hippocampus

LMUCVM Anatomy I (7 decks)

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