Enabling Characteristics and Emerging Hallmarks of Neoplastic Cells Flashcards
6 hallmarks of cancer
sustaining proliferqative signaling
evading growth suppressors
activating incasion and metastasis
enabling replicative immortality
Inducing angiogenesis
resisting cell death
What hallmark of cancer
Sustaining proliferative signaling
What hallmark of cancer
Evading growth suppressors
What hallmark of cancer
Activating invasion and metastasis
What hallmark of cancer
enabling replicative immortality
What hallmark of cancer
indicing angiogenesis
What hallmark of cancer
resisting cell death
Emerging hallmarks
deregulating cellular energetics
avoiding immune destruction
tumor promoting inflammation
genome instability and mutation
enabling characteristics of cancer
phenomena which facilitate normal cells to acquire any one or more of the 6 established hallmarks of cancer
genomic instability and mutation
tumor promoting inflammation
Genome instability and mutation
Single or cumulative genomic alterations enhances the acquisition of one or more of the hallmarks of cancer
susceptibility to mutations occurs when defects occur in:
DNA damage sensors and repair activators (eg TP53)
DNA repair apparatus such as mismatch repair proteins
Systems which inactivate or intercept mutagenic molecules before DNA damage can occur
Tumor promoting inflammation
An inflammatory state also facilitates acquisition of the hallmarks of cancer due to increased bioactive molecules
Growth factors enhance proliferative signaling
Survival facots help avoid programmed cell death (apoptosis)
Proangiogenetic factors stimulate angiogenesis
Extracellular matrix modifying factors may stimulate angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis
Inductive signals help activate epithelial mesenchymal transition program
Emerging hallmarks of cancer
phenomena which are increasingly being recognised as playing an important role in cancer development
Deregulating cellular energetics
Avoiding immune destruction
Deregulating cellular energetics
Reprogramming of normal cellular energy metabolism by tumor cells via
1) converting from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis
lower energy yeild is compensated for by upregulating glucose uptake receptors (GLUT-1)
Concept employed in PET-CT cans
2) Glycolytic feuling associated with activated oncogenes and mutated tumor suppressor genes
Avoiding immune destruction
Immunogeneic tumor cells may secrete immunosuppressive facotrs like TGF-beta
Tumor cells may recruit suppressive inflammatory cells such as regulatory T cells
Drugs that target specific hallmarks of cancers