Enabling Characteristics and Emerging Hallmarks of Neoplastic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

6 hallmarks of cancer

A

sustaining proliferqative signaling

evading growth suppressors

activating incasion and metastasis

enabling replicative immortality

Inducing angiogenesis

resisting cell death

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2
Q

What hallmark of cancer

A

Sustaining proliferative signaling

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3
Q

What hallmark of cancer

A

Evading growth suppressors

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4
Q

What hallmark of cancer

A

Activating invasion and metastasis

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5
Q

What hallmark of cancer

A

enabling replicative immortality

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6
Q

What hallmark of cancer

A

indicing angiogenesis

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7
Q

What hallmark of cancer

A

resisting cell death

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8
Q

Emerging hallmarks

A

deregulating cellular energetics

avoiding immune destruction

tumor promoting inflammation

genome instability and mutation

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9
Q

enabling characteristics of cancer

phenomena which facilitate normal cells to acquire any one or more of the 6 established hallmarks of cancer

A

genomic instability and mutation

tumor promoting inflammation

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10
Q

Genome instability and mutation

A

Single or cumulative genomic alterations enhances the acquisition of one or more of the hallmarks of cancer

susceptibility to mutations occurs when defects occur in:

DNA damage sensors and repair activators (eg TP53)

DNA repair apparatus such as mismatch repair proteins

Systems which inactivate or intercept mutagenic molecules before DNA damage can occur

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11
Q

Tumor promoting inflammation

A

An inflammatory state also facilitates acquisition of the hallmarks of cancer due to increased bioactive molecules

Growth factors enhance proliferative signaling

Survival facots help avoid programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Proangiogenetic factors stimulate angiogenesis

Extracellular matrix modifying factors may stimulate angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis

Inductive signals help activate epithelial mesenchymal transition program

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12
Q

Emerging hallmarks of cancer

phenomena which are increasingly being recognised as playing an important role in cancer development

A

Deregulating cellular energetics

Avoiding immune destruction

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13
Q

Deregulating cellular energetics

A

Reprogramming of normal cellular energy metabolism by tumor cells via

1) converting from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis

lower energy yeild is compensated for by upregulating glucose uptake receptors (GLUT-1)

Concept employed in PET-CT cans

2) Glycolytic feuling associated with activated oncogenes and mutated tumor suppressor genes

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14
Q

Avoiding immune destruction

A

Immunogeneic tumor cells may secrete immunosuppressive facotrs like TGF-beta

Tumor cells may recruit suppressive inflammatory cells such as regulatory T cells

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15
Q
A

Drugs that target specific hallmarks of cancers

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16
Q

How would you attack

sustaining proliferative signaling

A

EGFR inhibitors

17
Q

How would you attack

evading growth suppressors

A

cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors

18
Q

How would you attack

avoiding immune destruction

A

immune activating anti-CTLA4 MAb

19
Q

How would you attack

enabling replicative immortality

A

telomerase inhibitors

20
Q

How would you attack

tumor promoting inflammation

A

selective antiinflammatory drugs

21
Q

How would you attack

Activating invasion and metastasis

A

inhibitors of HGF/c-Met

22
Q

How would you attack

inducing angiogenesis

A

inhibitors of VEGF signaling

23
Q

How would you attack

genome instability and mutation

A

PARP inhibitors

24
Q

How would you attack

resisting cell death

A

pro-apoptotic BH3 mimetics

25
Q

How would you attack

deregulating cellular energetics

A

aerobic glycolysis inhibitors