Emotion and Violence-Martin and Sweeny

Question 1

What are the 3 types of emotion?

Answer 1

1. Basic=drives==> hunger, thirst. NOT represented in facial mm.
2. Specific: in response to a particular stimulus
3. General: emotion that lasts over a long period of time, separated from the context (without an immediate stimulus)

Question 2

What 2 things determine drives?

Answer 2

homeostatic circuits and motivational circuits.

involves connections between the hypothalamus, ventral segmental region and the nucleus accumbens

Question 3

What can perinatal anoxia disrupt? What can this lead to?

Answer 3

disruption of the reward circuits

can lead to hyperactivity and is associated with abnormal DA release, esp in the right hemisphere (need stronger stimulus to sense reward)

Question 4

Which emotion is difficult to identify and why?

Answer 4

shame

it is involved in social interactions–> newly evolved emotion that is not present in other species

Question 5

What are the types of shame? What are some functions of shame?

Answer 5

• humiliation
• embarrassment
• guilt
• shyness

shame is the “master of emotions”

• allows social structure to operate efficiently
• involved in rules
• self-esteem is the mirrored side of shame

Question 6

How is guilt different from shame?

Answer 6

guilt is more specific to a situation and is less intensely negative

shame is the emotion of global failure –> often respond with anger

Question 7

What is the difference between hubris and pride?

Answer 7

hubris=think you are globally the greatest thing

pride=more specific (like guilt for failure)

Question 8

At what age to we begin to develop shame? What is necessary to develop shame?

Answer 8

2-3 years old

need to have a sense or right vs wrong to feel shame

Question 9

If the prefrontal cortex is damaged, what will happen to a persons emotions?

Answer 9

disinhibition of emotional cortex—> no shame

Question 10

What is Kluever-Bucy Syndrome?

Answer 10

behavior changes following bilateral medial temporal lobectomy including the amygdala. These monkeys were placid and fearless

Question 11

What did patient SM with Urbach-Wiethe Disease teach us about the amygdala?

Answer 11

Amygdala invests sensory experience with emotional significance

• the pt could not draw faces w/ fear after loss of the anterior temporal lobes (including the amygdala but not the hippocampus)
• SM could still distinguish other emotions

Question 12

What do people with right hemisphere damage experience? What does this imply about emotion?

Answer 12

• impaired speech and comprehension of emotional aspects of speech.
• can’t perceive humor
• deficits in “theory of mind”–> measures attribution of other person’s state f mind.

implies that emotion is lateralized to the right hemisphere

Question 13

What do scans of pts with unipolar depression show (in comparison to non-depressed persons)?

Answer 13

increased activity and blood flow in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus.

dysregulation of emotion

Question 14

What do PET scans in schizophrenic pts show?

Answer 14

asymmetry in cell loss (more pronounced on the right side)

Question 15

Who developed the lobotomy?

Answer 15

Antonio Egas Moniz

Question 16

Who developed the transorbital prefrontal lobotomy?

Answer 16

Walter Jackson Freeman II

Question 17

What is aggression?

Answer 17

individual behavior motivated by anger

-may occur between groups and not be motivated by anger

Question 18

What is violence?

Answer 18

behavior intended to do physical harm

Question 19

What developmental disturbances can lead to violence?

Answer 19

testosterone as a fetus–> anger circuit development

head injuries or emotional and physical abuse that can lead to problems with physical development

Question 20

How does violence occur in marital conflict?

Answer 20

if a social bond is threatened (by demeaning criticism, contempt, disgust, blame, injustice, etc) then the person can either acknowledge shame (by an apology, etc) and respond

–>OR not acknowledge shame which leads to anger and disrespect –> escalation and transference of responsibility on the other person

Question 21

What is the most common disruption of social bonds?

Answer 21

demeaning criticism

Question 22

What did Raine’s study of Murderers determine about unplanned murders?

What was the difference between premeditated murderers?

Answer 22

• reduced cerebral blood flow to temporal and frontal lobes; reduced glucose uptake in prefrontal cortex and corpus callosum seen in spontaneous murders
• premeditated murderers did not show these deficits

Question 23

What is the relationship between 5-HIAA in CSF and impulsivity as seen in Vervet monkeys?

Answer 23

• inversely related

- low serotonin=strong indicator of impulsivity

Question 24

What is low expression of the gene for serotonin transporter promoter (rh5-HTTLPR) associated with?

Answer 24

childhood aggression and amygdala activity

Question 25

What is the difference between fighting and abuse?

Answer 25

• fighting=power balance

- abuse=power imbalance

Question 26

What are some childhood social determinants of violence?

What personality disorders area also associated with the top 3 things on this list?

Answer 26

• repeated household moves and school changes
• hx parental criminal behavior
• parental drug abuse-alcohol
• physical or sexual abuse of children
• exposure to violence in the media
• poverty

-antisocial and borderline personality disorders

Question 27

What is aggression? Does aggression always lead to violence?

Answer 27

aggression is a forceful, attacking behavior…destructively hostile to others

NO!

Question 28

What is the definition of intimate partner violence?

Answer 28

any intentional emotional, physical or sexual abuse in the context of an intimate relationship

Question 29

What are some physical findings that will be seen in domestic violence cases?

Answer 29

• Inappropriate behavior
• Multiple injuries
• Central pattern of injury
• Injuries at different stages of healing

Question 30

What will delirium EEG show? What about dementia?

Answer 30

delirium=slowing

dementia=normal

Question 31

What is the first line drug for aggression? Why?

Answer 31

haloperdol

it can be injected

Question 32

What is the sleep-wake cycle like in delirium vs. dementia? Alertness? Speech? Thoughts?

Answer 32

Delirium:

• disrupted sleep-wake
• impaired alertness
• incoherent, rapid/slowed speech
• disorganized thought/delusions

dementia:
- normal sleep-wake
- orientation in tact early. impaired late
- word-finding problems in speech
- impoverished thoughts