Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LC INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOBIOLOGY > Emotion and Motivation > Flashcards

Emotion and Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

examples of non-motivated behaviours

A

automatic imprinting in ducks and simple reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are non-motivated behaviours?

A

rigid and we have little control over them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do non-motivated behaviours occur in?

A

a reflexive and stereotyped manner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what can motivation explain?

A

variability of behaviour
- why it varies over time
- why it is directed towards certain outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is motivation?

A

more than just a reflex, it can be distinguished between preparatory and consummatory behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

preparatory phase of behaviour

A

rat learning to press a lever to gain access to food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

consummatory phase of behaviour

A

the goal of eating the food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how can the behaviour of eating food be described?

A

stereotypical and does not change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what type of behaviour is much more variable?

A

the propensity of the rat to press the lever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

neural base of preparatory behaviour

A

damage to the amygdala impairs preparatory behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

neural base of consummatory behaviour

A

consummatory behaviour does not occur following damage to the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is drive theory linked to?

A

behaviours such as eating or drinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

motivation _____ (drives) and _______ (incentivises) behaviour, but the dichotomy may not be accurate

A

pushes, pulls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance of an ideal, stable physiological environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do deviations from homeostasis result in?

A

a need state/physiological deprivation state

this is a compensatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does the physiological deprivation state result in?

A

a physiological state referred to as drive state, which activates and drives behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

mechanistic homeostatic drive explanations

A

the body detects a deviation (error detector) from a physiological set point (ideal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens when the set point is restored?

A

the body sends out a negative feedback signal to stop the motivational drive state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is required to monitor physiological state?

A

setpoints and error detectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

example of withdrawal from addictive drugs

A

this produces physiological withdrawal, meaning more drug is required to return to the set point

this creates the drive of more drug use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do behaviours involve?

A

incentives (a long-term goal) as opposed to basic motivated behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

hedonic reward

A

this is unrelated to motivational drive and focuses on the rewarding properties of stimuli that alter behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

example of saccharin

A

this is a motivated behaviour that serves no function, and underlies incentive motivation theory

24
Q

what is a core element of incentives?

A

learning, e.g., learning that money allows for acquisition of other things that are directly more valuable

25
Q

what does reward involve the combination of?

A

liking (sensory pleasure) and wanting (motivational incentive value)

26
Q

liking

A
  • can be conditioned
  • dependent upon brainstem
  • hierachal control
  • responses are stereotypical and automatic
27
Q

wanting

A
  • not sensory or cognitive pleasure
  • can be conditioned
  • underpinned by mesolimbic dopamine
28
Q

why is incentive motivation appealing?

A

in terms of motivation to gain access to stimuli associated with rewards

29
Q

how can incentive motivation become no longer motivated?

A

becoming automatic and reflexive through conditioning

30
Q

what does the incentive value of rewards depend upon?

A

the current drive state, e.g., food tasting better when hungry

31
Q

incentive behaviour is still ______

A

flexible

32
Q

what do emotional responses include?

A

behavioural, physiological, cognitive, and subjective changes

33
Q

PTSD and DSM-V

A

included with trauma & stressor-related disorders

34
Q

definition of PTSD

A

triggered by exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violation

diagnosed when it causes clinically significant distress or impairments in ability to function

35
Q

four diagnostic clusters of PTSD

A
  • re-experiencing
  • avoidance
  • negative cognitions
  • arousal
36
Q

what do emotional (fear) responses include?

A
  1. physiological changes which are akin to the arousal seen in PTSD and subsequent changes in response to stimuli
  2. behavioural responses similar to PTSD avoidance
  3. changes in cognition link to negative cognitions in PTSD
  4. subjective feelings link to re-experiencing
37
Q

relationship between PTSD and normal fear responses

A

their similarities suggest PTSD is characterised by abnormally intense fear response

38
Q

evidence of excessive amygdala activity in PTSD

A
  • greater amygdala activation in response to fearful faces, meaning a greater automatic brain response to fearful stimuli
  • activation correlated with PTSD symptom severity, meaning amygdala is involved in PTSD symptoms
39
Q

impaired prefrontal cortex in PTSD

A
  • this can cause overactive amygdala and lead to fear running out of control
  • script-driven imagery found lower ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation in PTSD patients
40
Q

what is decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex associated with?

A

increased emotional expression

41
Q

why are there negative correlations between amygdala activity and prefrontal cortex activity?

A

the prefrontal cortex inhibits the amygdala

42
Q

unclear directionality of PTSD pathology

A
  1. is the amygdala the source of the problem when it runs out of control?
  2. does poor functioning prefrontal cortex allow the amygdala to run out of control
43
Q

evidence of no learning occurring in excessive fear responses

A

increased amygdala response to unconditioned stimuli is innate, meaning no learning occurs

44
Q

what might be the cause of enhanced memories of traumatic PTSD events?

A

physiological dysregulation

45
Q

yehuda (2002) observed an abnormal stress system in PTSD patients…

A

found lower levels of stress hormones, as cortisol is reduced in PTSD

46
Q

cortisol and noradrenaline

A

these compete together

low cortisol may mean enhanced NA might potentiate/enhance traumatic memories

47
Q

cahill et al (1994) found emotional memories were dependent on…

A

noradrenaline, with higher memory upon hearing emotional stories

48
Q

what could prevent emergences of PTSD?

A

blocking noradrenaline from working, by using a beta blocker- as enhanced noradrenaline might potentiate the reconsolidation of traumatic memories

49
Q

why is noradrenaline important for the reconsolidation process?

A
  • PTSD patients have low cortisol and high NA, which may be important for the beginning of PTSD
  • continues making the traumatic memory stronger- strengthened by NA each time they are reconsolidated
50
Q

what do physiological changes contribute to?

A

the cause and perpetuation of PTSD

51
Q

if NA is involved in traumatic memory reconsolidation, what could a beta blocker create?

A

amnesia

52
Q

brunet et al (2010) found use of a beta blocker resulted in..

A

66% of patients no longer meeting the clinical diagnosis for PTSD

suggests attenuating NA can prevent/cure PTSD

53
Q

extinction

A

is the inhibition of a previously learned memory, and depends upon the prefrontal cortex

54
Q

how can extinction enhance traumatic memories?

A

impaired prefrontal cortex might result in weaker extinction, meaning the traumatic memories have enhanced persistence

55
Q

why do PTSD patients have impairments in fear memory extinction?

A

they have lesser activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which creates an inability to extinguish stimuli that encourage PTSD

LC INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOBIOLOGY (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions