Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LC INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOBIOLOGY > Emotion > Flashcards

Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

what are emotions characterised by?

A
  • physiological changes
  • behavioural responses
  • changes in cognition
  • subjective feelings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do fear responses include?

A
  • changes in heart rate, blood pressure, skin conductance
  • facial expression, immobility, avoidance behaviour
  • enhanced attention and memory
  • the feeling of fear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are emotions driven by?

A

biologically significant stimuli

they are an interaction between biological responses and cognitive processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

adaptive benefits of fear responses

A
  • avoiding danger
  • finding food and water
  • signalling intent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

maladaptive benefits of fear responses

A
  • causing phobias
  • PTSD
  • drug addiction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the james-lange theory claim?

A

distinct patterns of biological responses characterise different emotions- ‘people are afraid because they run away’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

james-lange theory

A
  1. the environmental stimulus is perceived in the brain, which produces a peripheral biological response
  2. in response to the specific pattern of these changes, a subjective emotion is felt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does the james-lange theory suggest about emotions?

A

they can only be experienced by interpreting the peripheral response. this is evidence of a cause-effect relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the cannon-bard theory claim?

A

peripheral changes are not sensitive or different enough to mediate various emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cannon-bard theory

A
  1. the environmental stimulus is perceived in the brain, which generates a peripheral response
  2. upon perception of the stimulus there is a direct production of the emotional, subjective state
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does the cannon-bard theory claim about cause-effect?

A

there is no cause-effect between peripheral response and subjective experience as they are triggered simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the cannon-bard theory believe about feelings?

A

feelings can influence the peripheral response, e.g., feeling afraid means running away faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the schachter-singer theory claim?

A

the pattern of peripheral responses does not determine emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

schachter-singer theory

A
  1. the environmental stimulus is perceived in the brain, which generates a peripheral response
  2. the peripheral response tells us that a certain emotion must be felt, which is decided through environmental interpretation of the external context
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

transitional implication of theories

A

these theories have great relevance for the application of lie detectors, as polygraphs record peripheral responses such as sweating

these peripheral responses involuntarily increase with fearful or guilty responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does phineas gage provide evidence that emotion is a product of the brain?

A

engaged in much more risky behaviour after suffering a severe frontal lobe injury- due to an inability to use emotional cues to regulate behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how does kluver-bucy syndrome provide evidence that emotion is a product of the brain?

A

a rare human syndrome that has been replicated in studies

removing the temporal lobe had emotional effects in monkeys- made them emotionally dull

the emotional elements of this were replicated by destroying the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the limbic system?

A

a group of brain areas (amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex) associated with emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where is the amygdala located?

A

it is a small area in the centre of the brain, where sensory information is processed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the amygdala involved in?

A

coordinating the outputs associated with fear and anxiety, and mediates emotional responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when the amygdala is stimulated, what do patients report feeling?

A

anxious or afraid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does damage to the amygdala result in?

A

timidity and change in fearful behaviour, with people being unable to experience fear conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what was found in patient SM?

A

showed negligible amounts of fear and was unable to express fear in daily life

24
Q

following amygdala damage, what is impaired?

A

the facilitation of memory by emotive content

this provides evidence for emotional memory, as the amygdala is recruited during emotional situationa

25
Q

core expressions

A
  • anger
  • sadness
  • happiness
  • fear
  • disgust
  • surprise
26
Q

how can emotional facial expressions signal internal state?

A

by being observed in social situations

the combination of facial, vocal, and postural elements interact to signal internal state

27
Q

damage to the amygdala impairs recognition of fearful faces, but not ___________

A

recognition of identity or vocal elements

28
Q

what were amygdala patients found to have?

A

abnormal eye movements, as patient SM rarely looked at eyes in pictures

29
Q

what can amygdala patients be trained to do?

A

recognise emotional expressions

this suggests amygdala damage causes a poor accuracy of recognising facial expression, which alters behaviour- rather than an innate change

30
Q

when is the amygdala activated?

A

by fearful faces, and its function occurs at a subconscious level

31
Q

what is the temporal lobe involved in?

A

processing emotional facial expressions

32
Q

the _____ is important to produce emotional facial expressions, and why?

A

amygdala- the dulled effect of kluver-bucy syndrome can be replicated with lesions to the amygdala

33
Q

laterality in the production of emotional facial expressions

A

the left side of the face is more expressive, meaning the right side of the brain may play a greater role to play
- or there is faster brain activity in the right side, which causes quicker expression of facial expressions

34
Q

why is there a neural basis of facial expressions?

A

if core emotional facial expressions are accepted, this suggests they are innate- involuntary, unconscious, and automatic

35
Q

evidence to suggest emotional facial expressions are involuntary and automatic

A
  • volitional facial paresis
  • emotional facial paresis
36
Q

volitional facial paresis

A

the ability to voluntarily control facial muscles is damaged, but genuine emotional facial expressions can still be produced- cannot be elicited voluntarily

37
Q

emotional facial paresis

A

impairs the production of genuine emotional facial expressions, but these can still be replicated by moving facial muscles

38
Q

what does the expression of automatic emotional facial expressions suggest?

A

they have a biological and evolutionary basis

39
Q

ekman & freisen (1971) found…

A

cross-cultural generalisability between facial expression recognition in new guinea and western society- argues in favour of innate expressions between cultures

40
Q

peleg (2006) found…

A

recognisable facial expressions in congenitally blind people- more similar between relations than non-relations

41
Q

what was found in the facial expressions of new-born infants?

A

they were somewhat reminiscent of those observed in adults

42
Q

what does the amygdala attribute?

A

emotional significance to events

43
Q

what is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

believed to inhibit the expression of emotion, as emotional responses may run out of control when the vPFC is less function

44
Q

what is the vPFC involved in?

A

emotional decision making

45
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex involved in?

A

memory extinction- the process of a new memory that inhibits the expression of the previous memory

46
Q

what happens when the PFC is absent in rats?

A

extinction does not occur

it should be easier to regulate these responses if there is a strong pathway

47
Q

where is the periaqueductal grey located?

A

around the central aqueduct, and it has different subdivisions

48
Q

different subdivisions of PAG

A
  • dorsolateral periaqueductal grey (dPAG)
  • ventrolaterial periaqueductal grey (vPAG)
49
Q

dPAG stimulation in rats

A

they run away- an active response

50
Q

vPAG stimulation in rats

A

they freeze- an escape response

51
Q

how is a freezing response coordinated?

A

the amygdala activates the PAG, showing its involvement in the selection of defensive emotional responses

52
Q

PFC is _________ and PAG is ________

A

upstream, downstream

53
Q

how can evidence be found to support implicit bias?

A

can study implicit emotional responses to racial outgroups

54
Q

what does behavioural data suggest about implicit racial bias?

A

greater fear response (MRI amygdala action) to black faces when presented unconsciously

55
Q

when was this greater fear response reduced?

A

when presenting faces to ensure they entered the unconscious, suggesting automatic implicit biases can be inhibited- but this takes work

56
Q

what is the dorsolateral PFC associated with?

A

attempts to control unwanted prejudicial responses

LC INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOBIOLOGY (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions