emotion

Question 1

What is an emotion

Answer 1

It is a psychological and physical state in response to a stimulus

Question 2

Subjective component

Answer 2

what it feels like to feel the emotion

Question 3

Cognitive component:

Answer 3

what thoughts people have when they experience an emotion

Question 4

Physiological response:

Answer 4

body’s reactions in response to stimuli

Question 5

1)james lange theory of emotion:

Answer 5

An event happens before(antecedent event)->physiological changes/response->we recognise the response -> emotion

Physiological responses= products of autonomic nervous system, designed to indicate proper reactions that facilitate survival

Question 6

Facial feedback hypothesis:

Answer 6

by manipulating physiological changes (ie distinct facial expressions), one can produce distinct emotions

If you shape your lips to look like your smiling, u report more positive feelings
If you shape to frowning, you report more negative emotions

Question 7

james lange theory

Answer 7

Assumes all emotions have unique set of physiological changes, but this is not true, physiological changes dont always convey unique emotions

Ie anger has certain physiological characteristics only specific to anger, but this isn’t true

Question 8

2)Two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 8

Emotions are more than simply looking into physiological changes- what about our interpretations

We combine our physiological changes +cognitive appraisal = emotions
ie : (physiological changes:heart rate increase, trembling) and (cognitive appraisal:angry bear, threat coming after me) = emotion (fear)

Could lead to misattribution of arousal
Ie: you go on a movie date and you have physiological changes: heart rate increases, but you misinterpret the cognitive appraisal from the movie to your date so you overestimate how much you like the date

Answer 9

James lange theory: predicts emotions should be universal due to physiological similarities of all humans

Two-factor theory of emotion: emotions should vary across cultures because different cultural experiences may lead us to have difference interpretation of physiological responses

Question 10

Emotional antecedents

Answer 10

events that lead up to, or elicit, certain emotions

Substantial overlap across cultural environments in emotional consequences of various antecedents

ie:
death leads to grief and sadness
When something is harmful-> produces fear

Question 11

Physiological responses associated with emotions:

Answer 11

1)Ergotropic-> physiological responses that reflect actions of the sympathetic nervous system-> more about expending energy (prepping body to expend energy)

Cardiovascular activity
Muscular reactivity
perspiration

2)Trophotropic->physiological responses that reflect actions of the parasympathetic nervous system-> more about relaxing muscles (happens after ergotropic)
Gastric disturbance
Crying and sobbing

3)Felt temperature->The temperature that one feels in their bodies when they are experiencing emotions
When someone feels hot or cold during a particular emotion even though internal temperature isn’t changing

Question 12

Emotional appraisal

Answer 12

Antecedents don’t automatically elicit emotions; what about appraisal and interpretations?

People go through stimulus evaluation checks-appraising antecedents along several dimensions

Question 13

Basic universal emotions

Answer 13

Anger, happy, sadness,surprise, disgust, fear

Question 14

Anger is Associated with

Answer 14

low levels of expectedness, pleasantness, and fairness

Question 15

Happiness is Associated with

Answer 15

high and low expectedness

High pleasantness and fairness

Question 16

Lots of evidence of universality in emotional expressions, there is still lots of variability

2 lines of evidence:

Answer 16

Variability of emotional expression
variability of emotional lexicon

Question 17

Variability of emotional expression:

Answer 17

When people share one ethnicity, if they differ in nationality there is a difference
Ie korean american, vs korean Korean

Different cultures have different display rules:

Rules that govern what kinds of expressions are appropriate, the intensity of facial expression, and ritualized displays: emotions that only exist in that culture”

These display rules are learned early on in life and become cemented and automatic by the time they reach adulthood

Question 18

6 display rules:

Answer 18

amplification, deamplification, neutralization, simulation, masking, and qualification

Question 19

Amplification

Answer 19

emotional expression is stronger than what you’re actually feeling

Question 20

Deamplification:

Answer 20

emotions expression is more muted than what you’re feeling

Question 21

Neutralization

Answer 21

not supposed to express any of that emotion
You might feel that emotion but you can not express it

Question 22

Simulation

Answer 22

you’re experiencing no emotion, but you have to express something

Faking an emotion

Question 23

Masking

Answer 23

emotional expression is not matching emotional experience

Masking an emotion to express something else

Question 24

Qualification:

Answer 24

emotional expression+something else

You’re mad but want to soften it so you’re nicer about it

Question 25

Deamplification, masking, neutralization, and qualification is seen in east-asian/collectivism

Answer 25

Amplification seen in south american collectivism/individualism

Question 26

Variability of emotional lexicon

Answer 26

Some languages have unique words for unique emotions

Some debate as to whether such differences are meaningful with important consequences for emotional experience

Question 27

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Answer 27

Hard version: Language determine how we think and what we experience (not as true)

Soft version: language can affect how we think and what we experience, and the certain extent to which we are able to remember things (true)

Language helps us to think about/articulate ideas, experience

Without words it hinders our ability to remember/discuss experience

Question 28

Evolutionary theories

Answer 28

Focused on universality - similarities across cultures and species
Emotions are hardwired, they are autonomic responses tied to nervous system
Cultures should play little role in emotions
Physiological changes are seen as antecedents(precede, come before) to emotions not consequences
Ie: James lange theory of emotion

Question 29

Appraisal theories

Answer 29

Allows for universality in biological features, but cultural variability of evaluative process
Also allows for individual variability in appraisals
Culture plays important role in emotional experience due to influence on appraisals and interpretations

Question 30

bioclutural theory of emotion (appraisal theory)

Answer 30

There is an input/events that happens and you must appraise that event

Information that passes through appraisal system only enters core system

There is a core system that is biological that continuously scans for information in your environment and tries to match the things scanned with preexisting relationships in the mind

Ie scanning a weapon, what needs to be activated when seeing this weapon

Response tendencies: once it matches with something, it internally triggers a readiness to do something

Facial expressions, subjective experience, autonomic responses

Core system and response tendencies together create display rules/feelings that are expressed

Question 31

Subjective experience is more controllable

Answer 31

More likely to be subject to rule of culture

Question 32

Autonomic responses are less subject to culture, because they are less controllable and more immediate

Question 33

Historical heterogeneity

Answer 33

Extent to which a country’s modern population comes from migration from other countries in last 500 years

Question 34

Low historical heterogeneity

Answer 34

Country’s present-day population is sourced from its own country since 500 years ago

Question 35

High historical heterogeneity

Answer 35

Country’s present day population is sourced from many countries over the last 500 years

Question 36

Less historical heterogeneity:

Answer 36

More certainty (customs, values, beliefs, intentions)
Implicit understanding
Less reliance on explicit communication
High context cultures

Question 37

More historical heterogeneity:

Answer 37

more uncertainty in communicating emotional states
Hinders cooperation
More explicit information required
Low context cultures

Question 38

People from highly historically heterogeneous countries

Answer 38

More expressive in facial expression and body language
Produce emotional expressions that are more accurately recognized by others
Explains emotional expressions beyond individualism/collectivism