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Question 1

According to anthropology there are 3 important factors:

Answer 1

1)every human community faces the same set of problems
2)for every problem there is a set number of solutions
3)every community/cultural group is capable of making use of all solutions, but they have preference for certain solutions

Question 2

1)kluckhohn and strodtbeck’s (follows anthropology 3 principles)

Answer 2

Different communities/groups choose to focus on certain orientations

Question 3

kluckholn and strodtbeck’s time orientation

Answer 3

Where in the chronological timeline do people focus on?

alternative orientations:
Past orientation (focusing on ancestors)
Ie shrines

present orientation (focusing on here and now)

future orientation (thinking more about investing in themselves for the future

Question 4

kluckholn and strodtbeck: “Nature” orientation

Answer 4

(how it is meant to interact with the environment)

alternative orientations:
Subjugation to nature: accept fate, deal with natural forces as they exist

Harmony with nature: we are an extension of the environment, not possible for environment and body to be separate

Mastery over nature:land reclamation projects (creating new land/projects)

Question 5

klockholn and strodtbeck’s “Human nature” orientation

Answer 5

what is the nature of humanity

alternative orientations:
Are humans inherently:

Good: history that humans are created by divine energy, therefore humans are inherently good

Evil:at birth people are born with sin/evil and we need to wash it away (liberating belief system for confucians)
If you get baptized, then you’re safe

“mixed” (not good or evil):
We have inherent goodness in us (babies don’t like harming), but there are also some natural neg behaviors

Question 6

klockholns Relational orientation :

Answer 6

what is the nature of the relationships between people?

alternative orientations:
Collateral
Power sharing, well fare of the group over the needs of the self

Lineal
Hierarchy
Decisions made at top and they dictate the people at the lower end of hierarchy

Individualistic
Make decisions by themselves for themselves
Consultations with others is optional(no need to consider others opinions)

Question 7

Hofstedes’ 5 value Dimensions

Answer 7

5 value dimensions: what are the different value dimensions in which we can divide up cultures

Question 8

hoftstede power distance

Answer 8

whether people in a group particularly those who are at the bottom of society, accept and expect unequal distributions of power in society

Question 9

Country with low power distance:

Answer 9

Low rates of corruption in gov
Equal distribution of wealth and income
Children given more autonomy
Ie:western european, english speaking

Question 10

High power distance

Answer 10

Rampant corruption, political scandals common
Uneven distribution of wealth and income
Children taught to respect authority
Eastern european, southeast asian

Question 11

hoftstede’s 2)uncertainty avoidance

Answer 11

Whether people in a group are comfortable with ambiguity and unstructured interactions

Question 12

Low uncertainty avoidance:

Answer 12

Tolerate different opinions and viewpoints
Dislike rules and norms
Teachers may say i dont know
English speaking, nordic

Question 13

High uncertainty avoidance:

Answer 13

Different opinions are dangerous
Emotional need for rules for calrity and structure
Teachers supposed to have all the answers
East asian, south american

Question 14

hoftsede’s masculinity dimension

Answer 14

Whether men and women in a group have differentiated gender roles, referring to traditional gender roles(men should be more assertive and ambitious, women should be more modest and caring)

Question 15

Feminine

Answer 15

Min gender role differentiation
Many women elected into politics
Sexualiy is not moral issue
Nordic country

Question 16

Masculine

Answer 16

Max gender role differentiation
Few women elected into political
Sexuality is highly moralized
Eastern european, asian

Question 17

4)individualism

Answer 17

Whether people are integrated into cohesive groups rather than a loose collection of individuals

Question 18

Collectivism

Answer 18

Strong emphasis on maintaining harmony
Breaking rules leads to feelings of shame (negative self-evaluation )
Born into complex network of extended relationships
Central american
East asian

Question 19

Individualism

Answer 19

Strong emphasis for speaking one’s mind
Breaking rules leads to feelings of guilt (want to make amends to other person)
Primary relationships involve immediate family
Many western countries

Question 20

hoftstede’s indulgence

Answer 20

whether people in a group value or control gratification of one’s desires and value happiness

Question 21

More restrained indulgence

Answer 21

Little concern for freedom of speech
Personal life seen through helplessness
Less likely to remember positive emotions
Ie: Ex-soviet countries

Question 22

More indulgent

Answer 22

great importance placed on freedom of speech
People see personal life as controllable
More likely remember positive emotions
Ie:nordic, english speaking countries

Question 23

what is the overlap between klockhold and strodtbecks and hoftstedes dimensions?

Answer 23

relatoinal orientation in klockholn is similar to hoftstedes individualism

Question 24

self-schema

Answer 24

cognitive schema (knowledge structure) that contains beliefs about the self (also called self-construals)

Question 25

2 ways people think about themselves:

Answer 25

1)independent self-construal
2)interdependent self-construal

Question 26

Independent self-construal:

Answer 26

Red line differentiates the self from everyone else

Main separation is between self and others

Dotted line=Fluid shifting between in-group and out-group

Easy for people to go from ingroup to outgroup

Linked to individualism

Question 27

interdependent self construal:

Answer 27

Red line is not between self and everyone else, instead it is a solid line differentiating between in group vs. outgroup

In group boundary is more difficult to penetrate (very difficult for outgroup member to become ingroup member)

When someone becomes ingroup member it is difficult for ingroup member to be outgroup

Linked to collectivism

Question 28

Differences in Self descriptors between independent and interdependent:

independent self-construal

Answer 28

Abstract,global, stable attributes
Ie: i am easy going, fun-loving, and extraverted

Question 29

Differences in Self descriptors between independent and interdependent:

Interdependent self-construal

Answer 29

Social categories, affiliations, social roles
Ie: i am a student at kyoto university, i am part of its kendo club

Question 30

Differences in self consistency (ie with friends, coworkers, parents):

independent

Answer 30

Conformity seen negatively, immature
People who adapt to different situations seen as “fake”, not genuine

Question 31

Differences in self-consistency (ie with friends, coworkers, parents):

Interdependent

Answer 31

Conformity seen positively, as mature

You are able to suppress own personal desires so that you can fit in with everyone else

Insistence on non-conformity seen as immature, stubborn

More ok with showing different sides with different people

Question 32

Data on correlation between Self Concept Clarity scale and self-esteem

higher score on self concept clarity means more confusion with self concept

Answer 32

Negative correlation between self-concept clarity and self esteem for european Canadians

Negative correlation between self-concept clarity and self esteem for east asians from asia

They might experience self-distress without having a concept of self clarity, but it is less stressful for asian people compared to european

Question 33

Entity theory of self

Answer 33

Independent self-construal
self=stable ,bound entity

Abilities are fixed, and reflect innate qualities

Affects how we deal with failure:
Blame innate lack of ability (i’m just not a good hurdler), withdraws from task(i’m never hurdling again)

Question 34

Incremental theory of self

Answer 34

Interdependent self-construal
self=malleable, fluid

Abilities are malleable, and can be changed with effort

Affects on how we deal with failure

Blame their lack of effort(if only i had tried harder), result= try harder next time (more practice)