Emerging Infectious Diseases Flashcards
Food and agricultural system changs that have an effect on pathogen emergence
Increased transmission due increased number of livestock
Intensive agriculture
Internal transport
Live animal markets
Stage 1 Diseases
Not common - many pathogens have multiple host species
Environmental system changes that effect pathogen emergence
Natural disasters
Climate change
Stage 2
Animal Reservoir Transmits to Humans/Other Animals but no Transmission Among Them
Human behavior changes that effects emergence of pathogens
Travel and tourism
Transmission from intentional release
Re-Emerging Disease
Known disease, previously on the decline, that is becoming more common and will likely continue to do so
Land use changes that have an effect on pathogen emergence
Extractive industries - deforestation, dredging, mining, etc
Development and changing ecosytems
Stage 4
Animal reservoir transmits to humans/ other animals with sustained transmission among them
Stage 5 Human Diseases
HIV/AIDs
Measles
Smallpox
Dengue Fever
Yellow Fever
Stage 1
Pathogen Exclusive to Single Species
Stage 2 Diseases
Rabies
WNV
EEEV
WEEV
Influenza H5N1
Stage 5
Pathogen exclusive to new reservoir species
The best transmission occurs between (closely/widely) related species
Closely
Stages of Cross Species Disease Emergence
- Pathogen exclusive to single species
- Animal reservoir transmits to humans/ other animals but no transmission among them - dead end hosts
- Animal reservoir transmits to humans/other animals with a few cycles of transmission among them
- Animal reservoir transmits to humans/other animals with sustained transmission among them
- Pathogen exclusive to new reservoir species
Stage 3 Diseases
Mycobacterium bovis
Nipah Virus
Factors that increase transmission
Increasing abundance
Increasing pathogen prevalence
Increasing contact
How are animal disease outbreaks typically controlled?
Mass culling
Test and slaughter
Quarantine
Vaccination
Prophylactic antibiotic use
Emerging Disease
Previously known disease that suddenly appears in a population
Or
Known disease that suddenly appears in a new population
Determinants of emergence
Pathogen
Reservoir
Host
Transmission
Stage 4 Diseases
SARS
Schmallenberg Virus
Influenza H1N1 - Swine Influenza
Drivers of pathogen emergence?
Land Use Changes
Food and Agricultural Systems
Environmental Systems
Human Behavior
Stage 3
Animal reservoir transmits to humans/other animals with a few cycles of transmission among them