Emerging Infections Flashcards
1
Q
For pandemic influenza to occur
A
- strain must be new to humans without a vaccine available
- cause significant disease in people
- prolonged person-to-person spread, which has not occurred for H10N8, H7N9, or H5N1.
Ex. H10N8 in China -> 2 out of 3, for epidemic potential, is good (for humans)!
2
Q
Pandemic 2014
A
February:
– Tick-Borne Borreliosis, Borrelia miyamotoi
– Polio-like illness, Enterovirus-68 causing Guillain-Barre’ syndrome
– Dengue virus, Type 5
– Norovirus, new strain
– Syphilis, increase in cases in US and CAN
March:
– Monkey Malaria to humans, Plasmodium knowlesi
3
Q
MERS-CoV
A
- Coronavirus, Enveloped, SS+ Polarity RNA
- Unique feature: helical nucleocapsid
- Zoonotic infection, 4 groups
- Alpha: Bats
- Beta: Bats
- Gamma: Birds
- Delta: Birds
Epi: Saudi Arabia
- 3 patterns of infection
- Community acquired ( exposure source not known), but believed to include direct or indirect contact with animals- camels or bats
- Hospital acquired infections
- Infections acquired through close human to human contacts (household)
Pathogenesis
- Infects bronchial epithelium
- Evades immune attack
- Antagonistic to INF
- Attaches to CD26 (DPP4) peptide expressed in the bronchial epithelium and the kidneys
- Fatalities in patients with underlying chronic disease such as diabetes, heart disease, kidney disease etc.
- Mortality: 40%
4
Q
Chikungunya Virus
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/119/405/268/q_image_thumb.jpg?1659492629)
A
- Family: Togaviridae
- Enveloped, SS+ polarity RNA
- icosahedral nucleocapsid
- Transmission
- Reservoir: Humans and Primates
- Vectors: day biting mosquito Aedes aegypti & albopictus
- Incubation: 1 to 12 days (2-3 d common)
Etiopath:
- injection -> replicate in LN -> organ seeding
- counters type I(α and β) INF by viral NS2 protein
- Exact pathology is still unknown
Sx:
- fever (40C/ 104F),
- arthritis,
- Rashes (maculopapular or petechial)
- encephalitis
- no thrombocytopenia
NOTE: lymphopenia can be seen in first few days of viral illness
Dx: virus isolation, RT-PCR and serology
Prevention, No Vaccine is available, mosquito control
5
Q
Enterovirus D68
A
- Picornavirus; non-Polio Enterovirus, Naked, ssRNA
- 3 different strains have been isolated
- Diagnosis by real-time PCR