Emergency Procedures Flashcards
What is a spin?
aircraft descends in a helical path while flying at an angle of attack (AOA) greater than the critical AOA.
Describe several flight situations where an unintentional spin may occur.
a. Engine failure on takeoff during climbout
b. Crossed-controlled turn from base to final
c. Engine failure on approach to landing
d. Go-around with excessive nose-up trim
e. Go-around with improper flap retraction
How might a spin occur on Engine failure on takeoff during climbout ?
pilot tries to stretch glide to landing area by increasing back pressure or makes an uncoordinated turn back to departure runway at a relatively low airspeed.
How might a spin occur on Crossed-controlled turn from base to final ?
pilot overshoots final (possibly due to a crosswind) and makes an uncoordinated turn at a low airspeed.
How might a spin occur on Engine failure on approach to landing ?
pilot tries to stretch glide to runway by increasing back pressure.
How might a spin occur on Go-around with excessive nose-up trim ?
pilot applies power with full flaps and nose-up trim combined with uncoordinated use of rudder.
How might a spin occur on Go-around with improper flap retraction ?
pilot applies power and retracts flaps rapidly resulting in a rapid sink rate followed by an instinctive increase in back pressure.
What is the recommended procedure for recovery from a spin?
a. Reduce the power (throttle) to idle.
b. Position the ailerons to neutral.
c. Apply full opposite rudder against the rotation.
d. Nose down.. Apply a positive and brisk, straightforward movement of the elevator control FORWARD of the neutral position to break the stall.
What does an aft center of gravity do to an aircraft’s spin characteristics?
becomes progressively more difficult as its center of gravity moves aft as can’t get the nose down.
What load factor is present in a spin?
Varies with aircraft, but usually about 1G above that of level flight. Due to low airspeed (1-2 knots above stall) airplane is pivoting rather than turning.
Discuss the use of an emergency checklist.
1) pilot should be sufficiently familiar with emergency procedures to take immediate action instinctively
2) then review checklist to ensure all items have been checked.
What procedures should be followed concerning a partial loss of power in flight?
1) establish best glide speed
2) select landing area
3) A/C off
4) Fuel Pump - Boost
5) Switch Fuel Tanks
6) Check Mixture
7) Check Power level (Sweep)
8) Check Alt Air
9) Cycle Mags
In the event of a complete engine failure during takeoff run, what procedure is recommended?
- throttle to idle.
- Apply pressure to the brakes.
- Retract the wing flaps.
- Set the mixture control to “Idle Cut-off.”
- Turn the ignition switch to “Off.”
6 Turn the master switch to “Off.”
If an engine failure occurs immediately after takeoff, what procedure is recommended?
Land straight ahead or to side.
- airspeed of 70 KIAS (flaps up) or 65 KIAS (flaps down).
- Set mixture to “Idle Cut-off.”
- Set fuel selector valve to “Off.”
- Set ignition switch to “Off.”
- Set wing flaps as required (30 degrees is recommended).
- Set master switch “Off.”
What is the recommended procedure to be followed for an engine failure while en route?
- best-glide airspeed (99).
- Id emergency landing area (tailwind if can)
- Mixture
- Switch tanks
- Fuel Pump to Boost
- Alt Induction Air - On
- Ignition Switch - Check, Both
- AC Off
What is the recommended power-off gliding speed in an engine-out procedure?
97 KIAS 9:1 (SR20)
88 KIAS 9.6:1 (SR22)
After experiencing an engine failure immediately after takeoff (before reaching safe maneuvering altitude), why is it usually inadvisable to attempt a landing on the runway you have just departed from?
many factors for power-off glide: 1. Lose altitude in bank 2. requires more than 180 3. wind ? 4. Distance traveled during climb. 5. Altitude reached 6. Glide distance of aircraft (600 AGL for CAPS)
Explain the approximate altitude loss and factors to consider when maneuvering an airplane that has just taken off, experienced an engine failure at 300 feet AGL, and is attempting to turn back to the departure runway.
270 degrees for RW alignment
std rate of 3 deg/sec takes 90 seconds
at 500 fpm descent, loses 750 ft.
at 300 altitude, you’d be 450 ft below surface.
must consider:
- reaction time of pilot (loss of AS and Alt)
- downwind turn rushes pilot
- apparent GND speed increase could mislead pilot to slowing aircraft
- tend to use steeper bank angles than std; increase load factor, stall speed, and descent rate.
- Lose considerable ALT in bank and could be in bank when ground contact
If an engine failure has occurred while en route and a forced landing is imminent, what procedures should be followed?
- Best Glide speed 97 KIAS SR20 or 88 SR22
- Transmit MAYDAY call to ATC or 121.5
- SQUAWK 7700
- If off airport, ELT Activate
- Power to IDLE
- Mixture - Cutoff
- Fuel Selector - Off
- Ignition Switch - OFF
- Fuel Pump - OFF
- Flaps 100% (When landing assured)
- Master Switches - OFF
- Seat Belts Secured
In an engine failure situation, what glide ratio will be obtained if the best-glide airspeed is maintained?
A loss of 600 feet per 1 nautical mile
What is detonation?
Detonation is an uncontrolled, explosive ignition of the fuel/air mixture within the cylinder’s combustion chamber. It causes excessive temperatures and pressures which, if not corrected, can quickly lead to failure of the piston, cylinder, or valves. In less severe cases, detonation causes engine overheating, roughness, or loss of power. It is characterized by high cylinder head temperatures, and is most likely to occur when operating at high power settings.
What are some of the most common operational causes of detonation?
a. Using a lower fuel grade than that specified by the aircraft manufacturer.
b. Operating with extremely high manifold pressures in conjunction with low RPM.
c. Operating the engine at high power settings with an excessively lean mixture.
d. Extended ground operations or steep climbs where cylinder cooling is reduced.
What action should be taken if detonation is suspected?
a. Make sure the proper grade of fuel is being used. b. While on the ground, keep the cowl flaps (if available) in the full-open position. c. During takeoff and initial climb, use an enriched fuel mixture, as well as a shallower climb angle to increase cylinder cooling. d. Avoid extended, high power, steep climbs. e. Develop habit of monitoring engine instruments to verify proper operation.
What is preignition?
Preignition occurs when the fuel/air mixture ignites prior to the engine’s normal ignition event. Premature burning is usually caused by a residual hot spot in the combustion chamber, often created by a small carbon deposit on a spark plug, a cracked spark plug insulator, or other damage in the cylinder that causes a part to heat sufficiently to ignite the fuel/air charge. Preignition causes the engine to lose power, and produces high operating temperature. As with detonation, preignition may also cause severe engine damage, because the expanding gases exert excessive pressure on the piston while still on its compression stroke.
What actions should be taken if preignition is suspected?
Detonation and preignition often occur simultaneously and one may cause the other. Since either condition causes high engine temperature accompanied by a decrease in engine performance, it is often difficult to distinguish between the two. Using the recommended grade of fuel, and operating the engine within its proper temperature, pressure, and RPM ranges, reduces the chance of detonation or preignition.
- If the engine begins to run rough when flying through heavy rain, what action should be taken?
During flight through heavy rain, it is possible for the induction air filter to become water saturated. This situation will reduce the amount of available air to the carburetor resulting in an excessively rich mixture and a corresponding loss of power. Carburetor heat may be used as an alternate source of air in such a situation.
