Emergency Land and Water Evacuations Flashcards
Define abnormal
Irregular, untypical, odd, unexpected
How is a significant event described?
A safety threat to the aircraft, any abnormal or emergency situation, where there is a risk of injury, major illness or death to people’s lives.
If you as cabin crew find something abnormal what should you do?
Notify your OBM who will notify the flight crew. If the OBM is not available then you will contact the flight crew directly.
What are an aircraft’s critical surfaces?
wings, tail, fuselage, etc…
What should an aircraft’s critical surfaces be free from?
ice, snow, frost.
What is coated onto the plane before take off if necessary?
De-icing fluid to remove any frost, ice, or snow.
If you see ice on the wing before take off what should you do?
Tell the onboard manager, if they are not around notify the flight crew.
What does de-icer fluid look like?
- White, green, or straw coloured
- Semi-transparent
- Thick and syrupy
- It forms a coating on the critical surfaces, providing protection from freezing precipitation.
What can the de-icing process do to the IFE?
Shut it off.
If the IFE goes down during de-icing what should be done whilst it is rebooting?
A manual safety demonstration.
What can the de-icer do to the cabin air? Should we be worried when this happens? What is it referred to as.
Make it smell- we shouldn’t be worried when this happens. Referred to as a “fume event”
What does the CAA say about fume events?
Less than 5% are associated with air contamination.
Other than de-icing fluid smell what are other smells which shouldn’t cause concern?
Oil leaks, de-icing fluid, exhaust fumes from preceding aircraft, smoke from ovens or IFE.
What can happen when there is air contamination to someone?
irritated eyes or respiratory system, nausea and unpleasant taste.
If you think you should report a smell to your FSM what information do you need to include?
location
odour intensity
odour colour
phase of flight
What must happen if there needs to be an engine test run?
All ground servicing equipment must be removed.
What should be done with any abnormal event which takes place onboard?
Log in the ELB and complete an OR.
What happens if there needs to be an engine test run and there is only cabin crew on board?
An engineer will notify the FSM which engine to be run.
What happens if there needs to be an engine test run and there is cabin crew and flight crew on board?
- Engineer notify flight crew which engine to be run.
- Flight crew determine whether crew are to remain onboard.
Flight crew to inform FSM and brief CCMs on which exist/s may or may not be used for evacuation.
What happens if an engine needs to be run and there are passengers on board?
- If boarding has not happened it will not commence until the engine run has been completed.
- If boarding is already in process:
Boarding should be suspended until engine runs are complete.
Passengers already on the steps/jetway must be boarded before commencement of engine runs.
Passengers who are onboard must be seated- down to captain’s approval.
Flight crew make PA advising of engine run.
What needs to happen to the left hand side doors if there is a left engine run?
- The L2 door must be closed and the steps/jetway removed.
- The L1 door may remain open with a jetway, but not steps, in place
What needs to happen to the right hand side door if there is a right engine run?
- L1 and/or L2 may remain open with jetway/s in place.
What is the FSM’s instruction when L1 and/or L2 doors remain open with jetways in place during engine run?
The FSM must instruct the CCM responsible for the aft exit on the opposite side if the running engine to ensure the exit is manned during the engine test run
If all exits are to be closed with jetways/steps removed what will the instructions be?
The FSM will liaise with the captain to determine which doors to be armed and manned for evacuation.
What will happen if power fails during boarding?
Boarding is suspended.
What happens if power fails with passengers onboard?
- All exists manned by required cabin crew members.
- All cabin crew members await information from Captain unless clearly catastrophic and an immediate evacuation is needed.
What is a go around?
When the captain rejects a landing for a variety of reasons which can affect the safety onboard
If there is a go around what should the CCMs and passengers and cabin be?
secured
When there is a go around what do cabin crew need to do?
- Remain seated at crew stations
- Wait and listen for Captain’s instructions
- Keep interphone lines clear except to report conditions which will immediately affect safety
What will the FSM do during a go around?
Make a PA to reassure passengers
What is a RTO?
Rejected Take Off- when the captain rejects take off on the runway due to a variety of reasons.
When there is a RTO what do cabin crew members need to do?
- Remain seated at crew stations
- Wait and listen for Captain’s instructions
- Keep interphone lines clear except to report conditions which will immediately affect safety
What will the Captain do during an RTO?
- Make PA: “Cabin Crew Standby. Cabin Crew Standby.”
- Make second PA depending on circumstance
When might a controlled disembarkation be required? Why?
During boarding, taxiing or disembarkation due to safety reasons
What is the purpose of a controlled disembarkation?
It is an alternative procedure when normal disembarkation or an emergency evacuation is deemed inappropriate
What should be done if time permits before initiating a controlled disembarkation?
A briefing completed by the FSM prior to the initiation of a controlled disembarkation
What should the pace of a controlled disembarkation be?
Controlled and slower than an emergency evacuation to minimise passenger and crew injury.
What type of communication is required from crew during a controlled disembarkation?
Assertive, but commands should not be shouted.
Who will dictate which doors and disembarkation method to use during a disembarkation?
The Captain’s PA will indicate which doors to use and whether disembarkation will be via jetway, stairs, or slides.
What happens if an immediate evacuation is required during controlled disembarkation?
Standard evacuation procedures will be followed- usually initiated by the Captain but in catastrophic circumstances it can be initiated by cabin crew
What is the definition of an emergency?
A sudden unforeseen event needing prompt action
How should emergency situations in the cabin be reported to flight crew?
Directly to the FSM who will make a pilot alert interphone call. If the FSM is unavailable the cabin crew may contact the flight crew directly.
Under what circumstances can the flight deck door remain unlocked?
- At any time at the Captain’s discretion due to safety reasons.
- When time permits during an emergency landing
- When the “FSM to flight deck immediately” procedure is used.
What are the 2 calls flight crew make to ATC in the event of an emergency landing? What do they mean?
- PAN-PAN: Sense of urgency but no immediate danger
- MAYDAY: alert emergency services for immediate assistance
What PA calls will the Captain make during an emergency/abnormal situation? What will be switched on?
- “FSM to flight deck immediately” X2
- “FSM to interphone immediately” X2
FSB signs on
What should the FSM do after hearing the Captain’s PA “FSM to flight deck/interphone immediately”?
The FSM will immediately go to the flight deck or call the flight crew via interphone to be briefed by the Captain.
What actions should the crew take in the cabin after an abnormal or emergency situation?
- Cabin crew return to assigned crew seat.
- After FSM briefed they will liaise with Captain on how the rest of the crew and the passengers should be briefed.
What should the cabin crew do when FSM notifies them that a NITS briefing is needed?
- Left hand side crew: Proceed to Galley 1 for briefing
- Right hand side crew: Proceed to assigned door and manage passengers near your door
then after left hand side crew have finished briefing, right hand side crew proceed to galley 1 for briefing
When should Cabin Crew put on their crew tabard in an emergency/abnormal situation?
Not until after they have been briefed on the situation as it may not be required.
What is a cabin crew conference call?
When all required cabin crew have a group call with the FSM on the interphone.
In what way will the FSM check the attendance of the call?
anti-clockwise.
What is a NITS briefing?
N: Nature
I: Intentions (of the Captain)
T: Time Available (until landing)
S: Special Instructions
Once the FSM has acknowledged and understood the NITS briefing from the Captain what will they do?
Repeat it back
What are the 3 types of emergency landing? What are their timings?
- Planned (more than 15 mins)
- Short-Notice (up to 15 mins)
- No-Notice (without warning)
What percentage of serious accidents take place after take-off and landing?
80%
What type of emergency landing is and when would a precautionary landing happen?
A Planned landing. It is the result of an abnormal situation in-flight which has the potential to escalate- as a precaution the cabin may be required to prepare for an emergency landing
What is the PA command to evacuate? What does it initiate?
“This is an emergency, evacuate, evacuate, evacuate”- tells crew to initiate an evacuation.
What must be off for an evacuation to happen?
All engines.
What does SUDDS stand for?
S: Self-sustaining major fire
U: Unusual exaggerated attitude
D: Dense smoke
D: Ditching
S: Sounds that indicate the aircraft breaking up
When can cabin crew initiate an evacuation?
in a SUDDS circumstance
What situations may appear to be an emergency but happen frequently in normal operation and do NOT require an emergency evacuation?
- Flames coming out of an engine exhaust start up- followed by the engine stopping (known as a wet start, more noticeable at night)
- A loud bang from one or more engines as take-off power is applied
- A rapid but steady deceleration on take-off or landing
What will the Captain do while the FSM is briefing CCMs during a planned evacuation?
Make a PA to inform passengers of the situation- once CCMs have been briefed the FSM will notify the Captain.
What is the main goal during cabin preparation during an emergency?
Everything is secure as possible to minimise passenger risk and ensure an effective evacuation can be carried out.
What items should be checked as a part of the Cabin Preparation list for all evacuations?
In addition to the usual cabin secure list:
1. Headsets stowed
2. High Heels stowed in overhead lockers
3. Spectacles and false teeth removed and put in sick bag in seat pocket
4. Sharp objects are stowed in cabin bags
5. Warm clothing is worn (if appropriate)
6. Galley power set to off and water shut off applied
7. Cabin crew remove name badges and wings
What should be done with ABPs in an evacuation situation?
- ABPs should be seated or reseated at exits
- A minimum of 4 ABPs at each door
- Additional ABPs should be used to assist disabled, nervous, elderly passengers etc.
What do CCMs need to tell the ABPs at the exit to do if they becone incapacitated during an evacuation?
- Undo my seatbelt and remove me from my seat and put me on the floor near the door.
- Check outside the door for obstruction and open the door.
- Follow the manual inflation procedure if required by pulling the red cloth handle from the floor
- Redirect passengers if needed
- The first 2 ABPs to evacuate should take the crew member with them the next 2 call passengers towards them.
What does “cabin crew emergency stations” PA from flight crew indicate?
Landing is APPROACHING, or the aircraft is on its FINAL APPROACH
What does “Brace Brace” PA from flight crew indicate?
Landing is imminent and cabin crew should start shouting the command “heads down, feet back” until the aircraft stops
What are the 2 forms of panic which can occur during an emergency?
- Positive panic: Passengers shout, scream, rush about which makes a briefing almost impossible.
- Negative panic: Passengers take little action, sitting dazed or quietly retrieving personal belongings, feeling the situation is hopeless.
How can good leadership and clear instructions prevent panic during an emergency?
Prevent the spread of positive panic and draw people out of negative panic
How should cabin crew act if there is no obvious danger (fire/smoke) during an evacuation?
Reactions may be slow so:
1. Shout with authority to get people moving
2. Use a loudhailer if possible
3. Be forceful but not in a panicked voice
Why should passengers not be allowed to assume leadership in an emergency situation?
Their directions may be wrong- leading to confusion and possibly loss of life
What is a dried up exit?
A usable exit which has no passengers evacuating from it- if there is a queue at another exit call people to your exit.
If your exit is unusable what should you shout?
“No slide go that way” or “Exit blocked, go that way”
What is an exit bypass?
A method of maintaining a balanced passenger flow by directing passengers past a usable exit to a dried up exit.
Where are the assist spaces?
FWD of wings: FWD of door
AFT of wings: AFT of door
If a passenger refuses to evacuate what should we do?
Use whatever force is necessary- push the small of their back
If there is a pile up at the end of the slide what should we do?
Slow evacuation down if there is no immediate danger.
What should you do if there isn’t resue teams available immediately after evacuation?
- Keep passengers up wind of the aircraft to a safe distance
- Where there is a danger of fire from a fuel spill- consideration should be given to moving passengers uphill.
- Head counts of passengers and crew should be made.
What should be checked before re-entering an evacuated aircraft?
For any hazards such as fire, fuel spill, debris.
Can an aircraft be re-entered once evacuated on water?
Never- a floating aircraft can sink in seconds
What information do you need to tell the emergency services after an evacuation?
- Location of any fire
- What is on fire/ damaged
- Are there any passengers left inside- what are their seat numbers?
- Total on board- passengers and crew
What are the 4 principles of survival?
- Protection
- Location
- Water
- Food
What needs to be done for Protection?
Protect yourself and passengers from a hostile environment- weather, wild animals, unsafe structures, etc.
What needs to be done with Location?
Activate ELT
Attract attention of rescuers with signalling mirror, flares, sea-dye markers.
Use rocks/stones/bright materials to create markers on the ground
Build fires etc.
How should water be rationed when in survival?
small quantities frequently, rationing enforced if necessary, in the first 24hrs only give to injured people (burns, bleeding, etc.)
What should be done with food in a survival situation?
Any food should be given in small quantities and frequently.
Rationing will have to be enforced if necessary.
What are the differences in human needs between a cold and hot environment?
COLD: Exposure causes death before lack of liquid and a supply of food is more important for survival than in hot climates.
HOT: Dehydration is usually the principle cause of death.
What factors can increase survival chances in extreme conditions?
- Have and maintain a positive attitude
- Keep occupied (physically and mentally)
- Push negative thoughts out
- Conserve energy
Why is maintaining a positive mental attitude important for survival?
Helps improve resilience and focus.
If someone wants to leave the group to look for food how many people is the minimum amount to leave?
3- if one is injured one stays with them and the third goes back to base for help.
What is a tundra?
A level of undulating treeless plain with a permanently frozen subsoil.
What is the international fire distress signal?
3 fires form a triangle
What is the RCC?
Rescue Co-ordination Centres
What is an FIR?
Flight Information Region
When should you come out of survival mode?
Once you have been truly resued and you are truly safe.
What should you never do to the winchman when it is lowered?
Touch it
What are the international resue signals you can make on the ground?
V: Require assistance
X: Require medical assistance
N: No
Y: Yes
ARROW: direction
How large do resue signals need to be?
2.5m/8ft long
What can you use to draw attention to a rescue signal?
ELT, fire, flares, bright material, stones, rocks, reflected light, etc.
How will you know if an aircraft has acknowledged you in the day?
It will rock its wings
How will you know if an aircraft has acknowledged you in the night?
It will flash its navigation/landing lights on and off twice
What equipment is on the slide and raft?
Emergency lights, mooring line, heaving line, knife, lifeline/ handles and steps, sea anchor, canopy.
What equipment is in the survival kit?
Inflation valves, hand pump, hole plugs/leak stoppers, repair clamps, sponge, bailing bucket, pen knife.
What are the 4 types of flare called?
Day and Night flares (1)
Day and Night flares (2)
Parachute Flare
Mini Flare Kit
What is the duration of a sea-dye marker? How far does it reach around the raft?
45 minutes in calm sea, surrounds 1000ft of the raft.
What is the international whistle distress signal?
6 short bursts followed by 1 min silence. Repeat.
What can you do to an RFD life jacket?
Make it fit a child over 16kg by inflating in galley, deflate by a third, tie straps around the life jacket, deflate some more so the child can get into a brace position
