Emergence Of The Globalisation Of Sport In The 21st Century

Question 1

When was pre-industrial Britain?

Answer 1

Pre - 1780

Question 2

What was life like in pre-industrial Britain?

Answer 2

Communication and transport were limited.
Wide spread illiteracy (lower classes)
Lower classes were typically cruel and violent.
Limited free time because of work (mainly lower class)
Two-tier class system.
Majority lived in countryside.
Feudal system

Question 3

What is a feudal system?

Answer 3

Holding land in exchange for labour.

Question 4

What were the classes in pre-industrial Britain?

Answer 4

Two classes - lower/working and upper

Rich landowners in power and poor farmers, working the land

Question 5

What is popular recreation?

Answer 5

The sport and pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain.

E.g - mob football and real tennis (not many characteristics of PR)

Question 6

What are the characteristics of popular recreation?

Answer 6

Local - no transport/communications 
Traditional 
Occasional/spontaneous (festivals) 
Few (unwritten) rules 
Violent 
Based on physical force rather than skill 
Participation rather than spectating 
Simple equipment and facilities 
Class division

Question 7

How did society reflect sport in pre-industrial Britain?

Answer 7

Limited communications/transport = sport was restricted geographically (local).
Illiteracy = simple, basic rules set locally (lacked codification)
Harsh society = sport was violent, unruly in nature, male dominated and involved gambling.
No free time = occasionally played (festivals)
Two-tier = clear divide between sports played by the classes
Majority lived in the countryside = sport was played were people lived, using natural resources.

Question 8

What were the characteristics of real tennis?

Answer 8

Exclusive 
Required highly literate people
Organised with complex rules 
High moral code (no violence) 
Played on a regular basis 
Was expensive 
Non-local in nature 
Skilful

Question 9

What was pre-industrialised athletics?

Answer 9

Foot racing 
Upper class would bet on who would win 
Developed into communal festival activities

Question 10

What was foot racing?

Answer 10

Lower class messengers were used by the rich upper class for communications.
Competition of who could get to the place first
Involved endurance

Question 11

When was industrial and post-industrial Britain?

Answer 11

1780- 1900

Question 12

What were the changes to society during the industrial revolution?

Answer 12

Working class moved to towns for jobs 
Urbanisation 
Factory work replacing ‘crafts’ 
Poor working conditions - long hours, Sunday off for church 
Lack of time, income, space. 
There-tier class system

Question 13

What is urbanisation?

Answer 13

Movement of people from rural to urban

Question 14

Who were the middle class in the industrial revolution?

Answer 14

People below aristocracy but above working class
Made money during industrialisation - factory owners, local government, doctor.
Wanted society based on merit
Led the way in reforming education, local government, welfare of the poor, etc…

Question 15

What is rational recreation?

Answer 15

They were sports pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled.

Question 16

What are the characteristics of rational recreation?

Answer 16

Regular - Saturday afternoon 
Rules - complex and written 
Regional 
Respectable 
Referees 
Skill based 
Purpose built facilities + equipment 
Religion - social control, muscular Christianity)

Question 17

What does aristocracy mean?

Answer 17

Highest class

Question 18

What are the initial negative effects of the industrial revolution?

Answer 18

Poor health and hygiene 
Lack of income 
Lack of time 
Facility provision was lacking 
Overcrowding and lack of space 
Loss of rights 
Migration of the lower classes into urban areas

Question 19

Why was there a lack of income in the industrial revolution?

Answer 19

Low wages and poverty were evident, with little spare income for leisure pursuits.

Question 20

Why was there a lack of time in the industrial revolution?

Answer 20

Because of the long working hours

Had Sunday’s off for church

Question 21

Why was there poor health in the industrial revolution?

Answer 21

Poor working and living conditions that lead to pollution
A lack of hygiene
Resulted in little energy to play sport

Question 22

Why was there a loss of rights in the industrial revolution?

Answer 22

Restrictions were placed on mob games and blood sports by changes in criminal laws.

Question 23

Why was there a lack of public provisions in the industrial revolution?

Answer 23

No access to private facilities or no personal equipment for the lower class.

Question 24

Why was there a lack of space in the industrial revolution?

Answer 24

Too many factories and housing in the towns.

No dedicated space to play sport

Question 25

What were the later positive effects of the industrial revolution?

Answer 25

Health and hygiene improved 
More wages and time 
Middle classes/ex-public school boys - morals
Values of athleticism 
Industrial patronage 
Improved transport/ communication 
Became cheaper to travel

Question 26

What is industrial patronage?

Answer 26

Factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce.

Question 27

What are the key features of urbanisation that contributed to the development of sport in the industrial revolution?

Answer 27

Lack of space meant purpose built facilities in cities.
Large working-class population = mass spectator numbers
Loss of traditional games - mob games started to be banned
Change in working conditions - initially working class worked long hours but then conditions improved.

Question 28

How did transport improvements help develop sports in the industrial times?

Answer 28

Movement of teams/spectators - development of railways led to faster and further travel 
Improved access to different parts of the country - nationwide train travel 
Cheaper train travel - working class could follow teams 
Improved access to the countryside

Question 29

How did communication improvements help develop sports in the industrial times?

Answer 29

Society became more literate which meant communications improved, such as newspapers.
The printed media increased knowledge and awareness of sport in a number of ways (e.g - fixtures - when and where or results).
Then led to the emergence of sporting heroes and role models

Question 30

What was the influence of the church in industrial times?

Answer 30

Promoted sport - social control 
Church facilities became venues
Church groups established 
Encouraged teams to form 
Muscular Christianity

Question 31

What is muscular Christianity?

Answer 31

A belief in manliness, the moral and physical beauty of athleticism, teamwork, discipline and self sacrifice.

Question 32

How did members of the middle class support the development of sport?

Answer 32

Codification 
Competitions 
Public provisions 
Increased leisure time 
Move to ‘professionalism’ 
Created new sports 
Philanthropists were pivotal

Question 33

What are philanthropists?

Answer 33

Kind, generous, middle-class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try to provide for a better life among the working class.

Question 34

What is an empire?

Answer 34

A group of countries ruled over by a single monarch or ruling power.

Question 35

When did the British empire begin?

Answer 35

They began to establish overseas colonies in the 16th century.

Question 36

How did sport spread through the British empire?

Answer 36

Ex public school boys and university old boys =

As teachers - teach the sports they used to play
As factory owners - created teams/ time/ space
As clergy - developed church teams and missionaries
As officers in the army
As diplomats - travelled the world and took sport with them
NGBs formed
Sport was a gift to the colonies from the ‘mother countries’

Question 37

Why were NGBs required?

Answer 37

Sport was becoming increasingly popular with more widespread playing of sport
More teams and clubs were forming
More national and international fixtures were being organised.
Leagues and competitions were required for these teams to compete in.
Nationally agreed rules and codification for different sport were required - single se of rules to play, making it fair.
Maintenance of the ‘amateur ideal’ to deal with professionalism and early commercialisation of sport and the desire to maintain control of sport.

Question 38

What is codification?

Answer 38

The gradual organisation ad defining of the rules.

Question 39

What is an amateur?

Answer 39

A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain.

Question 40

What is a professional?

Answer 40

A person who plays sport for financial gain.

Question 41

What were the values of amateurism in the 19th century?

Answer 41

Manliness
Appreciating the value of health and fitness
Appreciating the value of rule-regulated activity
High moral integrity = sportsmanship

Question 42

What is a gentleman amateur?

Answer 42

Middle or upper class gentlemen who played sport for the love of it and didn’t receive financial gain.

Question 43

What are the characteristics of a gentleman amateur?

Answer 43

Played to a high moral code
Played a range of sports, using their natural talent (god given)
Participated in sport as a character-building exercise
Belong to the social elite (respected)
Was a respected member of society with a public school background
Played with their god given abilities - didn’t train

Question 44

What are the positive impacts of 19th century amateurism (gentleman amateur)?

Answer 44

Amateurs held a higher status that’s pros
The code of amateurism was based on playing sport to clearly set rules
Code of ethics
Belonging to the social elite - enabled amateurs to play for the love of sport and not of money
Participation in sport was seen as more important than winning
The all-rounder was viewed with high morals
Amateurs were the elite performers of the 19th century
The ‘new middle classes’ admired the cultural values of the upper class gentleman amateur.

Question 45

What are the positive impacts of 19th century professionalism?

Answer 45

Broken time payments occurred
Standard of performance improved as they were paid to their result.
Working class got paid - pros more than normal
Health benefits
Social mobility
Determination to succeed

Question 46

What are the key features of modern-day amateurism?

Answer 46

Tend to be a lower status than professionals
Some high-level performers are still not professional
Blurring of amateur and professional distinctions, with less likelihood of exclusions as society has become more equal.
Performance at the top level in most sports is now open to all
Some receive finance to pay for training expenses.

Question 47

What are the positives of modern day amateurism?

Answer 47

Codes of amateurism are still evident in British sport (e.g- FairPlay)
It is still viewed positively and promoted in a number of ways
Sport like rugby union maintained their amateurism late into the 20th century and still have codes of conduct based on such principles (e.g - calling the referee sir)

Question 48

What are the positives of a modern day professional?

Answer 48

All classes can compete (social class is no longer a barrier)
People are now respected for their talents
Now there are high rewards, through media and sponsorship
Have celebrity status
Money is invested into sports to enable events to happen
Modern day professionals have more time to train
Positive role models act as motivators
More spectators are now attending matches
Greater interest in it
Standards of skill level are now high.