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Embryonic Development Flashcards

1
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Development is initiated by the egg without fertilisation

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2
Q

Mus musculus

A

mouse

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3
Q

Gallus gallus

A

chick

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4
Q

Danio rerio

A

Zebrafish

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5
Q

Caenorhabditis elegans

A

nematode

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6
Q

Tribolium castaneum

A

red flour beetle

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7
Q

Bombyx mori

A

silk moth

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8
Q

Hox genes

A

Anterior-posterior patterning

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9
Q

Pax6

A

Eye develpment

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10
Q

Chordin/BMP

A

Neural development

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11
Q

Xenopus laevis

A

Clawed frog

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12
Q

Isolecithal eggs

A

Small and have little yolk evenly disributed in cytoplasm

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13
Q

Mesolecithal eggs

A

Large eggs with moderate to large amounts of yolk that is localised ot one half of egg

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14
Q

Telolecithal eggs

A

Moderate to large amounts of yolk that fill cytoplasm except for small area near animal pole

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15
Q

Centrolethical eggs

A

Yolk concentrated in centre with a peripheral layer of yolk free periplasm

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16
Q

In amphibians animal hemisphere is

A

darkly pigmented

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17
Q

In amphibians vegetal hempishere is

A

lightly pigmented

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18
Q

Mid-piece in spermatozoa contains

A

The base of the flagellum

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19
Q

Hydatidiform moles

A

Either diploid with only male chromosomes or triploid with two copies of male chromosomes and 1 copy of female chromosomes

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20
Q

Egg is surrounded by a membrane known as

A

Zona pellucida

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21
Q

Cortical reaction to fertilisastion

A

Prevents polyspermy by modifying ZP3 receptor

22
Q

Holoblastic cleavage

A

Isolecithal and some mesolethical eggs and involves complete cleavage of egg

23
Q

Trophoblast

A

Blastomere epithelium

24
Q

Blastocoel

A

Cavity in the centre of embryo

25
Q

Inner cell mass

A

Small population of non-trophoblast cells found at one end of the blastocoel

26
Q

Morula

A

After 5th horizontal cleavage 4 tiers of 8 cells

27
Q

Blastula

A

When cleavage becomes more variable

28
Q

Meroblastic cleavage

A

Telolecithal and centrolecithal eggs with large amounts of yolk where complete cleavage is difficult

29
Q

Discoidal cleavage

A

Only a small yolk free portion of egg is cleaved typically at animal pole

30
Q

Superficial cleavage

A

Male and female haploid nuclei fuse deep within yolky centre of egg where first 9 nuclear divisions occur

31
Q

Mid-blastula transition

A

The switch from cell divisions without gap phases to ones with gap phases

32
Q

Gap phases

A

allow genome to be transcribed and to replace maternal transcripts which are gradually destroyed

33
Q

Mesodermal cell types

A

Connective tissue, Muscle, Dermis + subcutaneous layer Skeleton, kidneys, adrenal cortex

34
Q

Endodermal cell types

A

G.I. tract, liver, pancreas, endocrine glands, auditory system, urinary system

35
Q

Ectodermal cell types

A

Epidermis, nervous system, pigment cells

36
Q

Germinal vesicle

A

Describes eggs in animal hemisphere

37
Q

Nodal is a TF

A

required for mesoderm formation

38
Q

Vitellagen forms ____%

A

90% of xenopus egg

39
Q

Brachyury

A

Formed in mesoderm of all chordate embryos: early cell fate and regulate gastrulation

40
Q

Skeletal muscle expresses

A

Myosin II, Titin, MyoD1

41
Q

Smooth muscle expresses

42
Q

Neural plate folds _____ to form

A

Neural tube

43
Q

Primitive node -> _______ -> _________

A

Mesoderm, Neural plate

44
Q

Neural plate has ___________ epithelium

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

45
Q

Mesoderm can be induced in an isolated cap by

A

Activin, Nodal , FGF4

46
Q

Insect eggs are held at ____ of meiosis

A

Metaphase I

47
Q

Mammalian eggs are held at ____ then ____ of meiosis

A

Prophase I then Methaphase II during ovulation

48
Q

Andromorphs

A

Only male chromosomes: abnormal growth of placental tissues and no discernable embryo

49
Q

Gynomorphs

A

Only female chromosomes : poorly developed placental tissue and poorly formed embryo

50
Q

Genetic Imprinting

A

DNA + associated histone proteins are officially modified during gametogenesis so associated genes are inactive during development

51
Q

Disorders associated with genetic imprinting

A

Angelman, Beckwith-Wiedenem, Prader-Willis, Silver-Risa

52
Q

Cell cycle length may be controlled by ratio

A

of DNA to cytoplasm

CELL1001 (8 decks)

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