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B1 ANATOMY - RESP & CVS > Embryology - RESP > Flashcards

Embryology - RESP Flashcards

1
Q

Define the stages of embryology

A 
PRE-EMBYONIC 0-3 WEEKS
EMBRYONIC4-8 WEEKS
FOETAL 9-40 WEEKS
-
Postnatal, Childhood, Adolescence
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2
Q

Describe the formation of the gametes

A

TESTIS: SPERMATOGONIA CELLS (seminiferous tubules)
=> divide = sperm cells (diploid)

OVARY: OOGONIA (follicles)
=> ovum (diploid)

MEIOSIS

  1. 2 divisions, 4 daughter HAPLOID sperm cells
  2. arrest. after 1st division, 2nd division follicle develop adolescence: 1 ovum and 3 polar bodies
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3
Q

Describe fertilisation

A

sperm pronucleus. fuses w/ ovum pronucleus = ZYGOTE (DIPLOID)

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4
Q

Describe the formation of the blastocyst and its implantation into the uterine wall

A
  1. ZYGOTE MITOTIC DIVISIONS = MORULA (rapid succession)
  2. TROPHOBLAST (OUTER)
    INNCER CELL MASS (CELL ACCUM.)
    BLASTOCYSTIC CAVITY (CAVITY) -diffusion of nutrients
  3. CILIATED EPITHELIA of UTERINE TUBE
  4. BLASTOCYST BURIES INTO ENDOMETRIUM
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5
Q

Formation of the placenta, placental villi and the general functions of the
placenta

A

WEEK 2
1. CHORION VILLI FORMATION (TROPHOBLAST DIVISION)

  1. TROPHOBLAST INVASION = IMPLANTATION
  2. PLACENTAL FORMATION @ POLAR REGION
  3. HCG SECRETION = ENDOMETRIUM ATTACHMENT
  4. WEEK 12 PLACENTA DEVELOPS = INDEPENDENT.
    ENDOMETRIUM = DECIDUA & DECIDUA BASALIS + MATERNAL. VESSELS = NUTRIENT
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6
Q

Describe the formation of the bilaminar disc

A

INNER CELL MASS of BLASTOCYST (x2) = BILAMINAR DISC containing EPIBLAST (amniotic) & HYPOBLAST (yolk)

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7
Q

Describe the formation of the trilaminar disc

A
  1. PRIMITIVE STREAK EPIBLAST
  2. 15th day: STREAK MITOSIS and sinks forming layers between EPIBLAST AND HYPOBLAST

=> ECTODERM, MESODERM, ENDODERM (GASTRULATION)

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8
Q

Function of placenta

A
  1. Nutrient
  2. Transport waste & gases
  3. Immune

Smooth foetal part rough maternal part

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9
Q

Neuralation

A
  1. ECTODERM sinks to MESODERM = cluster of cells disconnect = NOTOCHORD sits below mesoderm
  2. NOTOCHORD INDUCES NEURALATION = NEURAL PLATE @ ECTODERM, replacing streak (sonic).
    - NC disintegrates or remains as NUCLEUS PULPOSUS OF VERTEBRA
  3. NEURAL PLATE = NEURAL CREST = NEURAL TUBE
  4. NEURAL TUBE sinks to MESODERM
    > upper end divides = brain vesicles
    > rest = spinal cord
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10
Q

SOMITE FORMATION

A
  1. MESODERM THICKENS AFTER NEURAL TUBE FORMATION. DIVIDES:
    - PARAXIAL MESODERM
    - INTERMEDIATE PLATE MESODERM
    - LATERAL PLATE MESODERM (2 LEAVES)
  2. Paraxial mesoderm = 44 pairs of SOMITES
    => DERMATOME (migrate under ectoderm: skin)
    => MYOTOME
    => SCLEROTOME (encircles NT)
    - D.TOME M.TOME BRING NERVE SUPPLY AS MIGRATE
  3. WEEK 4 EMBRYO FOLDING
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11
Q

EMBRYO FOLDING

A

WEEK 4-8 = MOST VULNERABLE

  1. LATERAL PLATE weighs down and FOLDS. Head and tail ends
  • ENDODERM (GUT)
  • LATERAL => SPLANCHNIC (VISCERAL), INTRAEMBRYONIC COELOM, SOMATIC (PARIETAL)
  • ECTODERM ->amniotic sac surrounds
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12
Q

Describe the origin of the pleurae.

A

PLEURAE = lateral mesoderm

  • visceral SPLANCHNIC
  • pleural space INTRAEMBRYONIC COELOM
  • parietal SOMATIC
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13
Q

Describe the origin of the lung buds.

A

Lung buds from the foregut from the endoderm gut tube at 4 weeks from the ventral wall

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14
Q

Respiratory formation & development

A
  1. W4: RESP DIVERTICULUM buds out from ventral wall = trachea. + lungs
  2. OESOPHAGOTRACHEAL SEPTUM
  3. LUNG BUDS ENLARGE push splanchnic towards somatic and surround. PERICARDIOPERITONEAL CANAL
  4. PERIPHERAL SOMATIC MESODERM FOLDS = PLEUROPERICARDIAL FOLD shutting off PERICARDIAL CAVITY
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15
Q

Stages of resp development

A

W4-7: embryonic. LUNG BUD

W7-17: pseudo glandular: conducting tree development

W17-27: canalicular. alveolar ducts, epithelium differentiation, pneumocyte differentiation

W27-40: saccular. alveolar sacs, primitive alveoli and surfactant. GAS EXCHANGE BEGINS.

POSTNATAL: alveolar profileration

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16
Q

Diaphragm development

A

arises from 4 mesodermal structures

  1. SEPTUM TRANSVERSUM => CENTRAL TENDON
  2. PLEUROPERITONEAL MEMBRANE (mesodermal folds)
  3. PERIPHERAL WALL => MUSCULAR COVERING OF PLEUROPERITONEAL MEMBRANE
  4. EOSOPHAGEAL MESENTRY => DIAPHGRAGMATIC CRURA + eosophageal attachment to thoracic wall
17
Q

Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A

Surfactant deficiency + partial collapse => hyaline deposition around alveoli
30% of diseases

18
Q

Lung angenesis

A

Lung bud failure d/t insufficient mesoderm signalling (https://web.duke.edu/anatomy/embryology/respiratory/lungDiaphragm.html)

trachea and bronchi off-midline d/t altered pressure

19
Q

Hernias

A

Protrusion of structures through weak gaps in musculature

20
Q

Pulm. Hypoplasia

A

Inability to fully develop resp system = inadequate exchange. Hernias.

B1 ANATOMY - RESP & CVS (13 decks)

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