Embryology of respiratory system

Question 1

period of lung development

Answer 1

week 3-after birth

Question 2

out pocketing at the cranial end of the gut tube

Answer 2

respiratory diverticulum

Question 3

origin of lung buds

Answer 3

respiratory diverticulum

Question 4

middle ridge between the gut tube and the respiratory diverticulum

Answer 4

tracheoesophageal rudge

Question 5

germ layer that forms gut tube

Answer 5

endoderm

Question 6

esophagus ending in pouch- not hole

Answer 6

esophageal atresia

Question 7

attachment forming between esophagus and trachea

Answer 7

tracheoesophageal fistula

Question 8

failure of endoderm to proliferate rapidly enough to keep up with rest of embryo results in

Answer 8

esophageal atresia

Question 9

failure of separation of trachea and esophagus

Answer 9

tracheoesophageal fistuka

Question 10

consequences of proximal atresia and distal fistula

Answer 10

air in stomach, milk + fluids in lungs
polyhydramnios

Question 11

polyhydramnios

Answer 11

excessive amniotic fluid

Question 12

secondary branches AKA

Answer 12

lobar branches

Question 13

how many lobar branches on left and right

Answer 13

2 left
3 right

Question 14

how many tertiary branches on each sides

Answer 14

10

Question 15

bronchopulmonary segments

Answer 15

developed tertiary branches and are supplied by a branch of pulmonary anatomy

Question 16

medial side of embryonic coelom is

Answer 16

visceral pleura

Question 17

lateral side of embryonic coelom

Answer 17

parietal layer

Question 18

visceral layer derivative

Answer 18

splanchnic

Question 19

parietal layer derivative

Answer 19

somatic layer

Question 20

when is pseudoglandular period

Answer 20

week 7-16

Question 21

what do the lungs resemble during the pseudo glandular period

Answer 21

exocrine glands
- no respiration is possible here

Question 22

when is the canalicular period

Answer 22

16-24 weeks

Question 23

survival of babies born before week 20

Answer 23

rarely survive

Question 24

terminal sac/saccular period

Answer 24

week 24-36

Question 25

terminal sac cells differentiate into which cells

Answer 25

type I and type II pneumocytes

Question 26

Type 1 pneumocyte function

Answer 26

gas exchange barrier

Question 27

type 2 pneumocyte function

Answer 27

surfactant secretion

Question 28

alveolar period

Answer 28

week 32- childhood

Question 29

when is the grey zone

Answer 29

week 23/24

Question 30

what is the grey zone

Answer 30

period before the surfactant forms

Question 31

liquid in fetal lung

Answer 31

Fetal lung liquid that is made by pulmonary epithelium - stimulates fetal lung growth

Question 32

transpulmonary pressure gradient is present when

Answer 32

during apnea

Question 33

respiratory distress syndrome aka

Answer 33

hyaline membrane disease - hyaline membrane forms around the alveoli

Question 34

what causes RDS

Answer 34

deficiency of surfactant

Question 35

RDS is seen when

Answer 35

in premature infants commonly with diabetic mothers

Question 36

pulmonary agenesis

Answer 36

complete absence of a lung due to the respiratory diverticulum failing to split - compatible with life

Question 37

pulmonary aplasia

Answer 37

absence of lung tissue but presence of rudimentary bronchus

Question 38

pulmonary hypoplasia

Answer 38

reduced terminal air sacs

Question 39

causes of pulmonary hypoplasia

Answer 39

congenital diaphragmatic hernia oligohydromnios

Question 40

acinus refers to what

Answer 40

all of the branches distal to the terminal bronchiolus

Question 41

muscularization of pulmonary arteries is complete when

Answer 41

teen years

Question 42

until pulmonary artery muscularization occurs, what is the most important determinant of pulmonary blood flow

Answer 42

alveolar oxygen tension

Question 43

ductus venosus

Answer 43

shunt artery passing liver and then mixes with venous blood and enters right atrium

Question 44

ductus arteriousus

Answer 44

blood bypasses lungs and enters circulation via the descending aorta

Question 45

formen ovale

Answer 45

how between right and left Atria - right to left shunting

Question 46

foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus close when

Answer 46

after the first breath

Question 47

pulmonary hypertensions of the newborn

Answer 47

persistent fetal circulation - occurs when the 2 holes do not close

Question 48

most of diaphragm comes from what

Answer 48

septum transversum

Question 49

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 49

abdominal organs ending up above the diaphragm - can push liquid out of lung and cause pulmonary hypoplasia