embryology congenital heart disease

Question 1

left to right shunts are known as

Answer 1

acyanotic disorders

Question 2

right to left shunts are known as

Answer 2

cyanotic disorders

Question 3

atrial septal defect is what shunt

Answer 3

left to right

Question 4

Most common cause of atrial septal defects

Answer 4

ostium secundum 90%

Question 5

second cause of atrial septal deviation

Answer 5

ostium primum 5%

Question 6

atrial septal defect is associated with

Answer 6

trisomy 21

Question 7

prognosis of atrial septal defect

Answer 7

good- asymptomatic till adulthood and low mortality

Question 8

common site for ventricular septal defect

Answer 8

membranous IV septum

Question 9

are ventricular septal defects associated with other issues?

Answer 9

yes- commonly

Question 10

Eisenmenger syndrome is?

Answer 10

irreparable pulmonary hypertension caused by ventricular septal defect

Question 11

development of the mitral and tricuspid vales follow

Answer 11

closure of the endocardial cushion tissues

Question 12

cleating of leaflets

Answer 12

leaflets do not come together fully to close

Question 13

atrioventricular septal defect - partial
symptoms

Answer 13

fatigue. dyspnea, respiratory infections, growth retardation

Question 14

complete atrioventricular septal defect prognosis

Answer 14

cardiomegaly and death before age 2 commonly

Question 15

associated syndrome with AVSD

Answer 15

down syndrome

Question 16

Closure of ductus arteriousus is caused by

Answer 16

vascular smooth muscle contraction
placenta makes prostaglandins that are catabolized by lungs

Question 17

ductus arteriousus forms what

Answer 17

ligamentum arteriousum

Question 18

patent ductus arteriousus is associated with

Answer 18

maternal rubella infection

Question 19

characteristic murmer of PDA

Answer 19

“machinery like”

Question 20

what can be used to close PDA in neonate and premature infants

Answer 20

prostaglandin inhibitors: NSAIDS

Question 21

Eisenmenger syndrome in PDA

Answer 21

when PDA becomes Right to left shunt

Question 22

patient foramen ovale

Answer 22

unsealed foramen ovale
2 septa do not fuse: not completely open hole, but could open without correct pressure (exercise, cough, straining)

Question 23

when can foramen ovale open

Answer 23

when there is more pressure on the right side of the heart vs left

Question 24

risk with patent foramen ovale

Answer 24

increases the risk of paradoxical embolism

Question 25

tetralogy of fallot features

Answer 25

1. pulmonary stenosis 2. right ventricular hypertrophy 3. overriding aorta 4. ventricular septal defect also boot shaped heart

Question 26

pink tetralogy

Answer 26

mild pulmonary stenosis which may lead to left to right shunt

Question 27

tet/blue spells

Answer 27

period of crying leads to a marked increase in cyanosis - squatting offers some relief by kicking femoral artery

Question 28

transposition of the great arteries

Answer 28

aorta to RV pulmonary trunk to left ventricle

Question 29

persistent truncus arteriousus

Answer 29

conotruncal ridges fail to fuse and descend to ventricules - no splitting of aorta and pulmonary trunk - VSD also present

Question 30

consequence of persistent truncus arteriousus

Answer 30

systemic cyanosis with danger of irreversible pulmonary hypertenson

Question 31

ebsteins anomaly

Answer 31

tricuspid valves septal leaflet and usually posterior leaflet are displaced into right ventricle

Question 32

ebsteins anomaly can be caused by

Answer 32

maternal lithium use

Question 33

tricuspid atresia

Answer 33

complete occlusion of the triscuspid valve orifice due to inequality division of the AV canal - hypoplasia of the right ventricle

Question 34

tricuspid atresia prognosis

Answer 34

cyanosis orient from birth high mortality in the first weeks or months of life - VSD presence allows patients to survive

Question 35

Pulmonary stenosis and atresia

Answer 35

in case of pulmonary valve stenosis, the trunk of pulmonary artery is narrow or atretic - hypo plastic right ventricle

Question 36

pulmonary stenosis and atresia prognosis

Answer 36

those that survive also have patent foramen ovale and patent ductus arteriousus

Question 37

total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

Answer 37

pulmonary veins fail to join left atrium - left atrium is hypoplastic

Question 38

total anomalous pulmonary venous connection prognosis

Answer 38

must have patent foramen ovale or ASD

Question 39

aortic stenosis and atresia

Answer 39

hypoplasia of the left ventricle and ascending aorta

Question 40

aortic stenosis and atresia prognosis

Answer 40

must have patent ductus arteriousus

Question 41

hypo plastic left heart syndrome

Answer 41

nearly almost always fatal- need surgery quickly

Question 42

Ectopic cordis

Answer 42

complete or partial displacement of the heart outside of the thoracic cavity - commonly lack pericardium

Question 43

prognosis of ectopic cordis

Answer 43

still born or die shortly after birth

Question 44

reasons for ectopic cordis

Answer 44

congenital diaphragmatic hernia and omphalocele