embryology congenital heart disease Flashcards
left to right shunts are known as
acyanotic disorders
right to left shunts are known as
cyanotic disorders
atrial septal defect is what shunt
left to right
Most common cause of atrial septal defects
ostium secundum 90%
second cause of atrial septal deviation
ostium primum 5%
atrial septal defect is associated with
trisomy 21
prognosis of atrial septal defect
good- asymptomatic till adulthood and low mortality
common site for ventricular septal defect
membranous IV septum
are ventricular septal defects associated with other issues?
yes- commonly
Eisenmenger syndrome is?
irreparable pulmonary hypertension caused by ventricular septal defect
development of the mitral and tricuspid vales follow
closure of the endocardial cushion tissues
cleating of leaflets
leaflets do not come together fully to close
atrioventricular septal defect - partial
symptoms
fatigue. dyspnea, respiratory infections, growth retardation
complete atrioventricular septal defect prognosis
cardiomegaly and death before age 2 commonly
associated syndrome with AVSD
down syndrome
Closure of ductus arteriousus is caused by
vascular smooth muscle contraction
placenta makes prostaglandins that are catabolized by lungs
ductus arteriousus forms what
ligamentum arteriousum
patent ductus arteriousus is associated with
maternal rubella infection
characteristic murmer of PDA
“machinery like”
what can be used to close PDA in neonate and premature infants
prostaglandin inhibitors: NSAIDS
Eisenmenger syndrome in PDA
when PDA becomes Right to left shunt
patient foramen ovale
unsealed foramen ovale
2 septa do not fuse: not completely open hole, but could open without correct pressure (exercise, cough, straining)
when can foramen ovale open
when there is more pressure on the right side of the heart vs left
risk with patent foramen ovale
increases the risk of paradoxical embolism
tetralogy of fallot features
- pulmonary stenosis
- right ventricular hypertrophy
- overriding aorta
- ventricular septal defect
also boot shaped heart
pink tetralogy
mild pulmonary stenosis which may lead to left to right shunt
tet/blue spells
period of crying leads to a marked increase in cyanosis
- squatting offers some relief by kicking femoral artery
transposition of the great arteries
aorta to RV
pulmonary trunk to left ventricle
persistent truncus arteriousus
conotruncal ridges fail to fuse and descend to ventricules
- no splitting of aorta and pulmonary trunk
- VSD also present
consequence of persistent truncus arteriousus
systemic cyanosis with danger of irreversible pulmonary hypertenson
ebsteins anomaly
tricuspid valves septal leaflet and usually posterior leaflet are displaced into right ventricle
ebsteins anomaly can be caused by
maternal lithium use
tricuspid atresia
complete occlusion of the triscuspid valve orifice due to inequality division of the AV canal
- hypoplasia of the right ventricle
tricuspid atresia prognosis
cyanosis orient from birth
high mortality in the first weeks or months of life
- VSD presence allows patients to survive
Pulmonary stenosis and atresia
in case of pulmonary valve stenosis, the trunk of pulmonary artery is narrow or atretic
- hypo plastic right ventricle
pulmonary stenosis and atresia prognosis
those that survive also have patent foramen ovale and patent ductus arteriousus
total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
pulmonary veins fail to join left atrium
- left atrium is hypoplastic
total anomalous pulmonary venous connection prognosis
must have patent foramen ovale or ASD
aortic stenosis and atresia
hypoplasia of the left ventricle and ascending aorta
aortic stenosis and atresia prognosis
must have patent ductus arteriousus
hypo plastic left heart syndrome
nearly almost always fatal- need surgery quickly
Ectopic cordis
complete or partial displacement of the heart outside of the thoracic cavity
- commonly lack pericardium
prognosis of ectopic cordis
still born or die shortly after birth
reasons for ectopic cordis
congenital diaphragmatic hernia and omphalocele
