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Cardio/pulm > embryology congenital heart disease > Flashcards

embryology congenital heart disease Flashcards

1
Q

left to right shunts are known as

A

acyanotic disorders

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2
Q

right to left shunts are known as

A

cyanotic disorders

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3
Q

atrial septal defect is what shunt

A

left to right

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4
Q

Most common cause of atrial septal defects

A

ostium secundum 90%

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5
Q

second cause of atrial septal deviation

A

ostium primum 5%

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6
Q

atrial septal defect is associated with

A

trisomy 21

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7
Q

prognosis of atrial septal defect

A

good- asymptomatic till adulthood and low mortality

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8
Q

common site for ventricular septal defect

A

membranous IV septum

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9
Q

are ventricular septal defects associated with other issues?

A

yes- commonly

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10
Q

Eisenmenger syndrome is?

A

irreparable pulmonary hypertension caused by ventricular septal defect

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11
Q

development of the mitral and tricuspid vales follow

A

closure of the endocardial cushion tissues

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12
Q

cleating of leaflets

A

leaflets do not come together fully to close

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13
Q

atrioventricular septal defect - partial
symptoms

A

fatigue. dyspnea, respiratory infections, growth retardation

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14
Q

complete atrioventricular septal defect prognosis

A

cardiomegaly and death before age 2 commonly

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15
Q

associated syndrome with AVSD

A

down syndrome

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16
Q

Closure of ductus arteriousus is caused by

A

vascular smooth muscle contraction
placenta makes prostaglandins that are catabolized by lungs

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17
Q

ductus arteriousus forms what

A

ligamentum arteriousum

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18
Q

patent ductus arteriousus is associated with

A

maternal rubella infection

19
Q

characteristic murmer of PDA

A

“machinery like”

20
Q

what can be used to close PDA in neonate and premature infants

A

prostaglandin inhibitors: NSAIDS

21
Q

Eisenmenger syndrome in PDA

A

when PDA becomes Right to left shunt

22
Q

patient foramen ovale

A

unsealed foramen ovale
2 septa do not fuse: not completely open hole, but could open without correct pressure (exercise, cough, straining)

23
Q

when can foramen ovale open

A

when there is more pressure on the right side of the heart vs left

24
Q

risk with patent foramen ovale

A

increases the risk of paradoxical embolism

25
Q

tetralogy of fallot features

A
  1. pulmonary stenosis
  2. right ventricular hypertrophy
  3. overriding aorta
  4. ventricular septal defect
    also boot shaped heart
26
Q

pink tetralogy

A

mild pulmonary stenosis which may lead to left to right shunt

27
Q

tet/blue spells

A

period of crying leads to a marked increase in cyanosis
- squatting offers some relief by kicking femoral artery

28
Q

transposition of the great arteries

A

aorta to RV
pulmonary trunk to left ventricle

29
Q

persistent truncus arteriousus

A

conotruncal ridges fail to fuse and descend to ventricules
- no splitting of aorta and pulmonary trunk
- VSD also present

30
Q

consequence of persistent truncus arteriousus

A

systemic cyanosis with danger of irreversible pulmonary hypertenson

31
Q

ebsteins anomaly

A

tricuspid valves septal leaflet and usually posterior leaflet are displaced into right ventricle

32
Q

ebsteins anomaly can be caused by

A

maternal lithium use

33
Q

tricuspid atresia

A

complete occlusion of the triscuspid valve orifice due to inequality division of the AV canal
- hypoplasia of the right ventricle

34
Q

tricuspid atresia prognosis

A

cyanosis orient from birth
high mortality in the first weeks or months of life
- VSD presence allows patients to survive

35
Q

Pulmonary stenosis and atresia

A

in case of pulmonary valve stenosis, the trunk of pulmonary artery is narrow or atretic
- hypo plastic right ventricle

36
Q

pulmonary stenosis and atresia prognosis

A

those that survive also have patent foramen ovale and patent ductus arteriousus

37
Q

total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

A

pulmonary veins fail to join left atrium
- left atrium is hypoplastic

38
Q

total anomalous pulmonary venous connection prognosis

A

must have patent foramen ovale or ASD

39
Q

aortic stenosis and atresia

A

hypoplasia of the left ventricle and ascending aorta

40
Q

aortic stenosis and atresia prognosis

A

must have patent ductus arteriousus

41
Q

hypo plastic left heart syndrome

A

nearly almost always fatal- need surgery quickly

42
Q

Ectopic cordis

A

complete or partial displacement of the heart outside of the thoracic cavity
- commonly lack pericardium

43
Q

prognosis of ectopic cordis

A

still born or die shortly after birth

44
Q

reasons for ectopic cordis

A

congenital diaphragmatic hernia and omphalocele

Cardio/pulm (5 decks)

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