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GI > embryology of endocrine system > Flashcards

embryology of endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

timeline of development of endocrine glands

A

weeks 3-8

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2
Q

Rathkes pouch

A

invagination of oral cavity

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3
Q

Rathkes pouch will become

A

anterior pituitary

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4
Q

infundibular stalk comes from what and becomes

A

invagination of diencephalon called the neurohypophyseal diverticulum, posterior pituitary

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5
Q

adenohypothysis (anterior lobe of pituitary) contains what

A

pars anterior
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia

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6
Q

neurohypophysis (posterior lobe) contains what

A

pars nervosa
infundibular stem
median eminance

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7
Q

hormone release process in pituitary

A

made in anterior lobe and released by posterior lobe

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8
Q

anterior lobe function

A

hypothalamic hormones are carried through the hypophyseal portal veins to the anterior pituitary, regulating secretion of trophic hormones

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9
Q

ADH function

A

production and concentration of urine

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10
Q

oxytocin function

A

important near term of pregnancy, allow uterine contractions
important for lactation

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11
Q

craniopharyngiomas

A

most common pituitary tumor in children and adolescents

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12
Q

what is a craniopharyngioma

A

benign epithelial tumor arising from remnants of rathkes pouch
can be supra sellar or intra sellar (sella turcica)

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13
Q

symptoms of craniopharyngiomas

A

vision loss, diabetes insipidus

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14
Q

intrasellar cystic craniopharyngiomas route of surgical removal

A

intra nasal

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15
Q

suprasellar craniopharyngiomas info and route of surgical removal

A

grown within 3rd ventricle and can cause hydrocephalus
frontotemporal removal

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16
Q

pituitary adenoma effects

A

growth hormone production causing the liver to make IGF1
can cause body size changes

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17
Q

pituitary adenoma develops before epiphysis is fused

A

gigantism

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18
Q

pituitary adenoma forms after epiphysis is fused

A

growth in nose, hands, feet, maybe mandibular defects

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19
Q

superior parathyroid gland develops from which pharyngeal pouch

A

pouch 4

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20
Q

inferior parathyroid gland develops from which pharyngeal pouch

A

pouch 3

21
Q

cell types of parathyroid glands

A

chief cells present at birth secrete PTH and sense low calcium
oxyphil cells appear at puberty

22
Q

DiGeorge syndrome caused by

A

deletion of chromosome 22q and TBX1 gene
failure of pharyngeal pouches 3 and 4 to differentiate into thymus and parathyroid gland

23
Q

clinical features of DiGeorge

A

immunodeficiency
hypocalcemia
cardiac abnormalities- tetralogy of fallot
abnormal jaw
thymus aplasia
cleft palate
hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism

24
Q

what is the derivative of the thyroid gland

A

not a pouch, the floor of pharynx

25
Q

ultimobranchial body derives from

A

pharyngeal pouch 4

26
Q

thyroid gland function begins when

A

week 10

27
Q

C- cell function and derivative

A

produce calcitonin and derived from endoderm

28
Q

aberrent locations of thyroid tissue is caused by

A

abnormal migration of thyroid glands
part of thyroglossal duct can persist and form a cyst

29
Q

congenital hypothyroidism causes

A

the most common cause of mental delay and can be prevented and treated

30
Q

causes of congenital hypothyroidism

A

thyroid dysgenesis
nonfunctioning goiters
central hypothalamic or pituitary hypothyroidism

31
Q

untreated congenital hypothyroidism causes

A

failure of skeletal growth and maturation and deficiency in intellect

32
Q

dorsal pancreas is formed by

A

out pouching of duodenum

33
Q

what allows pancreatic hormones to be made

A

the suppression of sonic hedgehog in that area of duodenum

34
Q

ventral pancreatic bud forms off of

A

common bile duct

35
Q

ventral duct persists as main pancreatic duct (proximal) and attaches where

A

major duodenal papilla

36
Q

pancreas and duodenum are

A

secondary retroperitoneal

37
Q

gestational diabetes causes

A

high maternal glucose

38
Q

effect of gestational DM on baby

A

maternal glucose can cross placenta but insulin cannot- increased fetal growth
- fetal hyperinsulinemia and increase in fetal fat cells

39
Q

normal pregnancy glucose levels

A

first trimester: decrease in fasting plasma glucose concentration
second and third trimester: increase in plasma glucose concentration - promotes fat breakdown

40
Q

congenital hyperinsulinism effects

A

diffuse B-cell hyperplasia and intractable hypoglycemia
- high levels of insulin due to issues with pancreas

41
Q

hyperinsulinemia

A

higher levels of insulin without a problem with pancreas

42
Q

lateral urogenic ridge becomes

A

kidneys

43
Q

gonadal ridge cells delaminate via what to form what

A

EMT to form fetal adrenal cortical cells, the adult version forms via a second wave

44
Q

precursors of chromafin cells

A

neural crest cells

45
Q

adult and fetal adrenal cortical cell origin

A

intermediate mesoderm

46
Q

deficiency In 21-hydroxylase causes which electrolyte changes and sexual traits

A

hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and ambiguous genitalia in females

47
Q

deficiency In 11B-hydroxylase causes which electrolyte changes and sexual traits

A

hypernatremia and hypokalemia
ambiguous genitalia in females

48
Q

deficiency In 17a-hydroxylase causes which electrolyte changes and sexual traits

A

hypernatremia, hypokalemia and ambiguous genitalia in males

49
Q

pheochromocytoma secrete what and cause what

A

secrete catecholamines that arise from chromaffin cells, causing hypertension curable by removal of tumor

GI (7 decks)

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