embryology of endocrine system Flashcards
timeline of development of endocrine glands
weeks 3-8
Rathkes pouch
invagination of oral cavity
Rathkes pouch will become
anterior pituitary
infundibular stalk comes from what and becomes
invagination of diencephalon called the neurohypophyseal diverticulum, posterior pituitary
adenohypothysis (anterior lobe of pituitary) contains what
pars anterior
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia
neurohypophysis (posterior lobe) contains what
pars nervosa
infundibular stem
median eminance
hormone release process in pituitary
made in anterior lobe and released by posterior lobe
anterior lobe function
hypothalamic hormones are carried through the hypophyseal portal veins to the anterior pituitary, regulating secretion of trophic hormones
ADH function
production and concentration of urine
oxytocin function
important near term of pregnancy, allow uterine contractions
important for lactation
craniopharyngiomas
most common pituitary tumor in children and adolescents
what is a craniopharyngioma
benign epithelial tumor arising from remnants of rathkes pouch
can be supra sellar or intra sellar (sella turcica)
symptoms of craniopharyngiomas
vision loss, diabetes insipidus
intrasellar cystic craniopharyngiomas route of surgical removal
intra nasal
suprasellar craniopharyngiomas info and route of surgical removal
grown within 3rd ventricle and can cause hydrocephalus
frontotemporal removal
pituitary adenoma effects
growth hormone production causing the liver to make IGF1
can cause body size changes
pituitary adenoma develops before epiphysis is fused
gigantism
pituitary adenoma forms after epiphysis is fused
growth in nose, hands, feet, maybe mandibular defects
superior parathyroid gland develops from which pharyngeal pouch
pouch 4
inferior parathyroid gland develops from which pharyngeal pouch
pouch 3
cell types of parathyroid glands
chief cells present at birth secrete PTH and sense low calcium
oxyphil cells appear at puberty
DiGeorge syndrome caused by
deletion of chromosome 22q and TBX1 gene
failure of pharyngeal pouches 3 and 4 to differentiate into thymus and parathyroid gland
clinical features of DiGeorge
immunodeficiency
hypocalcemia
cardiac abnormalities- tetralogy of fallot
abnormal jaw
thymus aplasia
cleft palate
hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism
what is the derivative of the thyroid gland
not a pouch, the floor of pharynx
ultimobranchial body derives from
pharyngeal pouch 4
thyroid gland function begins when
week 10
C- cell function and derivative
produce calcitonin and derived from endoderm
aberrent locations of thyroid tissue is caused by
abnormal migration of thyroid glands
part of thyroglossal duct can persist and form a cyst
congenital hypothyroidism causes
the most common cause of mental delay and can be prevented and treated
causes of congenital hypothyroidism
thyroid dysgenesis
nonfunctioning goiters
central hypothalamic or pituitary hypothyroidism
untreated congenital hypothyroidism causes
failure of skeletal growth and maturation and deficiency in intellect
dorsal pancreas is formed by
out pouching of duodenum
what allows pancreatic hormones to be made
the suppression of sonic hedgehog in that area of duodenum
ventral pancreatic bud forms off of
common bile duct
ventral duct persists as main pancreatic duct (proximal) and attaches where
major duodenal papilla
pancreas and duodenum are
secondary retroperitoneal
gestational diabetes causes
high maternal glucose
effect of gestational DM on baby
maternal glucose can cross placenta but insulin cannot- increased fetal growth
- fetal hyperinsulinemia and increase in fetal fat cells
normal pregnancy glucose levels
first trimester: decrease in fasting plasma glucose concentration
second and third trimester: increase in plasma glucose concentration - promotes fat breakdown
congenital hyperinsulinism effects
diffuse B-cell hyperplasia and intractable hypoglycemia
- high levels of insulin due to issues with pancreas
hyperinsulinemia
higher levels of insulin without a problem with pancreas
lateral urogenic ridge becomes
kidneys
gonadal ridge cells delaminate via what to form what
EMT to form fetal adrenal cortical cells, the adult version forms via a second wave
precursors of chromafin cells
neural crest cells
adult and fetal adrenal cortical cell origin
intermediate mesoderm
deficiency In 21-hydroxylase causes which electrolyte changes and sexual traits
hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and ambiguous genitalia in females
deficiency In 11B-hydroxylase causes which electrolyte changes and sexual traits
hypernatremia and hypokalemia
ambiguous genitalia in females
deficiency In 17a-hydroxylase causes which electrolyte changes and sexual traits
hypernatremia, hypokalemia and ambiguous genitalia in males
pheochromocytoma secrete what and cause what
secrete catecholamines that arise from chromaffin cells, causing hypertension curable by removal of tumor
