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Neuro Exam 1 > Embryology Development of the nervous system > Flashcards

Embryology Development of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

how does the neural tube form

A

begins with the formation of the neural plate because of signals from the notochord

lateral edges of the neural plate elevate to form a neural groove
neural groove fuses forming the neural tube

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2
Q

when does the cranial neuropore close ? cauda

A

cranial on day 25

caudal day 27

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3
Q

what does the neural plate give rise to

A

CNS

neural crest cells

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4
Q

what does the neural tube give rise to specifically

A

CNS (brain and spinal cord)

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5
Q

what do the neural crest cells gives rise to

A

PNS
sensory ganglia
autonomic ganglia

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6
Q

what do neural crest cells arise from and where do they migrate

A

neuroectoderm as the neural tube is closing

migrate into underlying mesoderm

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7
Q

what is the fate of cranial neural crest cells

A

bones, cartilage, fascia, ligaments and tendons of face, neck

sensory ganglia and autonomic ganglia

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8
Q

what is the fate of spinal neural crest cells

A

dorsal root ganglia
autonomic ganglia

heart (fibrous skeleton)

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9
Q

what is the shared fate of cranial and spinal neural crest

A

meninges, schwann cells

melanocytes

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10
Q

what are the three layers that form in the neural tube

A

ventricular
mantle
marginal

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11
Q

what is the ventricular zone of the spinal cord in the embryo? adult?

A

embryo–> thick, pseudostratified epithelium called the neuroepithelium that will give rise to all the neurons and most glia of the spinal cord (neurogenesis)

adult–> composed of simple layer of ependymal cells

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12
Q

what is the mantle layer of the spinal cord
what does it form
what is it composed of

A

zone superficial to the neuroepithelium

composed of neuronal cell bodies

alar and basal plates

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13
Q

what do the alar plates form

A

sensory dorsal horn

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14
Q

what do the basal plates form

A

motor ventral horn

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15
Q

what is the marginal zone of the spinal cord in the embryo

A

outermost layer

composed of nerve processess (axons and dendrites)

forms white matter

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16
Q

what are neuroblasts derived from and what do they form

A

neuroepithelium

form ventral motor horn neurons and dorsal sensory horn neurons

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17
Q

what are the cells that form from neurogenesis

A

neuroblasts

gliablasts

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18
Q

what are gliablasts derived from and what do they from

A

form astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

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19
Q

what is a spinal nerve

A

ventral + dorsal root

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20
Q

dorsal rami innervate what

A

muscles , skin and joints of the back

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21
Q

ventral rami innervate what

A

limbs, ventral body wall

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22
Q

what are DRG derived from

A

neural crest cells

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23
Q

what are the 3 primary vesicles of the brain

A

prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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24
Q

what are the 5 secondary vesicles of the developing brain

A 
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
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25
Q

what does the forebrain (prosencephalon) give rise to

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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26
Q

what does the rhombencephalon (hindbrain give rise to)

A

metencephalon

myelencephalon

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27
Q

what are the three flexures of the developing brain

A

cervical
cephalic
pontine

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28
Q

what is the 4th ventricle in the developing brain

A

lumen of rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

29
Q

what is the 3rd ventricle in the developing brain

A

lumen of diencephalon

30
Q

what is the cerebral aqeduct in the developing brain

A

lumen of the mesencephalon

31
Q

what is the lateral ventricle in the developing brain

A

lumen of the telencephalon

32
Q

what is tela choroidea

A

pia mater + ependymal layer of cells
it proliferates and invaginates into ventricles
develops in roof of third and 4th ventricle and medial walls of lateral ventricles

33
Q

what is different about gray matter structures ( alar and basal plates) in the brainstem of the developing embryo as compared to the spinal cord

A

gray matter structures are arranged into discrete nuclei as compared to the columns in the spinal cord

also sensory nuclei are displaced laterally due to the pontine flexure

34
Q

what does the telencephalon form in adult

A

cerebral hemispheres

lateral ventricles

35
Q

what does the diencephalon form in the adult

A

thalami

third ventricle

36
Q

what does the mesencephalon form in adult

A

midbrain

aqueduct

37
Q

what does the metecephalon form in the adult

A

pons and cerebellum

upper part of 4th ventricle

38
Q

what does the myelencephalon form in the adult

A

medulla

lower part of 4th ventricle

39
Q

what nerves are primarily associated with the myelencephalon

A

VIII
XI
X
XII

40
Q

because of rapid growth of the pons what forms

A

pontine flexure

41
Q

what portion of the metencephalon fomrs the bulk of the pons

A

marginal layer

42
Q

what CN’s is the metencephalon primarily associated with

A

V
VI
VII
VIII

43
Q

what is the choroid plexus

A

specialized epithelial type that produces CSF

forms from pia mater and ependymal cells

early as week 5

44
Q

what is the cerebellum formed from (it is part of the metencephalon)

what is its growth pattern and how is this represented in the adult brain

A

formed from alar plates of metencephalon (rhombic lips)

rhombic lips fuse with one another, forming the cerebellar plate

waves of neuroblasts will migrate from the alar plate, through the marginal layer to form the outer cerebellar cortex thus GRAY matter is EXTERNAL and white matter is INTERNAL (with deeper nuclei within the white matter)

45
Q

in general basal plates form what

A

motor nuclei

46
Q

in general alar plates form what

A

sensory nuclei

47
Q

what does the mesencephalon form and what CN’s is it associated with

A

forms the midbrain

CN’s III and IV

48
Q

what are the 5 main structures that are formed from the diencephalon

A 
optic vesicles
pineal gland
thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
49
Q

what are the optic vesicles

A

primordium of optic nerve (CNII) and retina

50
Q

the roofplate of the diencphalon will form what

A

epithalamus

51
Q

what will the epithalamus (formed from diencephalon) form

A

contains the choroid plexus

gives rise to pineal gland (melatonin)

52
Q

what do the alar plates of the diencephalon give rise to

A

form two swellings separated by the hypothalamic sulcus

superior swelling–> forms thalamus
thalamic tissue bulges into the third ventricle
in 70-80 % of people an interthalamic adhesion forms

inferior swelling–> hypothalamus

53
Q

what are the portions of the pituitary gland and what are they derived from

A

neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) –> derived from a downgrowth of diencephalon neuroectoderm

adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) –> derived from an upgrowth of oral ectoderm

54
Q

what are the two structures formed from the telencephalon

A

(crebral hemispheres)

corpus striatum

55
Q

how does the cortex form

A

neurons destined to form the cerebral cortex migrate along radial glial cells to form outer gray matter (migrate through marginal layer)

the youngest cells form the most external layer

gray matter is superficial and white matter is deep

continued growth of the cortex during the final part of fetal life forms convolutions (gyri) separated by fissures (sulcI)

56
Q

what does the corpus striatum (formed from telencephalon) form as

A

forms as a swelling within the floor of cerebral hemispheres

57
Q

spina bifida

A

A spinal neural tube defect

occulta–> no neural involvement just vertebral arch failure to close posteriorly

cystic –> neural involvment
meningocele–> just meniges
meningomyelocele–> meninges, CSF, spinal cord

58
Q

what are the brain neural tube defects caused by

A

failures of cephalic portion of the neural tube to close

59
Q

meroencephaly

A

anencephaly –> failure of the brain to form

60
Q

what is cranioarchischisis

A

closure defeect of neural tube extends into spinal cord

61
Q

what is microcephaly

A

small cranium (typically caused by brain underdevelopment

forebrain doesn’t form quite good enough and neuropore doesnt’ close

62
Q

what is encephalocele

A

failure of neural tube and cranium to fully close posteriorly –> allowing portions of the CNS to protrude through and form a “Cyst-like” structure at the base of the skull

63
Q

what is meningoencephalocele

A

meninges and part of brain bulge through defect

64
Q

what is meningohydroencephalocele

A

meninges, brain and part of ventricular system bulge through defect

65
Q

what is congenital hydrocephalus

A

Increased CSF within the ventricles , resulting from imbalance between production and absorption

results in dilation of ventricles proximal to the obstruction

because sutures have not yet fused, the skull expands

often produces thinning of bones of calvaria

66
Q

what are the two most common sites for lesions in obstructive hydrocephalus

A

interventricular foramina (of monro)

cerebral aqueduct (of sylvius)

67
Q

how do you treat hydrocephalus

A

cannula/shunt into the lateral ventricle

one-way valve to prevent reflux of blood or peritoneal fluid and control CSF pressure

drainage tube may be introduced into peritoneum

68
Q

Arnold-Chiari syndrome

A

herniation of cerebellar hemispheres (finger-like protrusion of cerebellum) through the foramen magnum –> usually due to underdevelopment of posterior cranial fossa

often associated with spina bifida cystica

symptoms include headaches, ataxia, cardio/resp defects

69
Q

what is holoprosencephaly

A

rare, severe anomaly resulting from failure of the forebrain neural tube to form the cerebral hemispheres. The forebrain is underdeveloped, lateral ventricles fused

Neuro Exam 1 (9 decks)

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