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Neuro Exam 1 > Embryolog Pharyngeal Apparatus > Flashcards

Embryolog Pharyngeal Apparatus Flashcards

1
Q

arch 1 nerve

A

trigeminal

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2
Q

arch 2 nerve

A

facial

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3
Q

arch 3 nerve

A

glossopharyngeal

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4
Q

arch 4 nerve

A

vagus

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5
Q

arch 5 nerve

A

mostly regresses so no nerve

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6
Q

arch 6 nerve

A

vagus n

mainly the recurrent laryngeal branch

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7
Q

what are pharyngeal clefts

A

external invaginations of ectoderm

4 clefts

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8
Q

what are the pharyngeal arches

A

core of mesenchyme (neural crest and paraxial mesoderm)

the neural crest will give rise to CT components
paraxial mesoderm gives rise to muscles

each arch has its own nerve (cranial nerve) and blood supply (aortic arch artery)

there are 6 arches initially but the 5th arch regresses

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9
Q

what are pharyngeal pouches

A

internal evaginations of pharyngeal endoderm

4 pouches

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10
Q

what is the stomodeum

A

invagination of ectoderm which will form the oral cavity

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11
Q

what are the skeletal derivatives of the first arch

A

bones of the face and CT of face

malleus and incus

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12
Q

what are the muscle derivatives of arch 1

A

muscles of mastication (temporal is, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoids)

anterior belly of digastric
mylohyoid
tensor veli palantini
tensor tympani

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13
Q

what is the orogpharygeal membrane development pattern

A

develops b/w the two processes of the first arch
composed of an outer layer of ectoderm and an inner layer of endoderm

ruptures by day 26 to allow communication b/w pharynx and oral cavity

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14
Q

what are the skeletal derivatives of arch 2

A

stapes
styloid process of temporal bone

stylohyoid ligament
lesser horn and superior portion of body of hyoid

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15
Q

what are the muscle derivatives of arch 2

A

muscles of facial expression

stylohyoid
posterior belly of digastric
stapedius (dampens noise in ear)

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16
Q

what are the skeletal derivatives of arch 3

A

greater horn and inferior portion of body of hyoid bone

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17
Q

what are the muscular derivatives of the arch 3

A

stylopharyngeus

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18
Q

what are the skeletal derivatives of arch 4

A

with 6th arch forms all laryngeal cartilages

19
Q

what are the muscular derivates of arch 4

A

muscles of pharynx

cricothyroid

20
Q

what are the skeletal derives of arch 6

A

with 4th arch forms all laryngeal cartilages

21
Q

what are the mucsular derivates of arch 6

A 
laryngeal muscles (except cricothyroid) 
skeletal muscle of esophagus
22
Q

what is the derivative of pouch 1

A

formation of middle ear and auditory tube

23
Q

what are the derivatives of pouch 2

A

forms stroma of palatine tonsil

tonsillar fossa

24
Q

what are the derivatives of pouch 3

A

dorsal portion–> inferior parathyroid glands

ventral portion –> thymus

the third pouch migrates and that is why it forms the INFERIOR PT glands

25
Q

what are the derivatives of the pouch 4

A

dorsal portion–> superior parathyroid glands

ventral portion–> ultimobranchial body –> forms the parafollicular cells of thyroid (calcitonin and Ca regulation)

26
Q

what is the fate of first pharyngeal cleft

A

contributes to formation of external acoustic meatus and contributes to Tympanic membrane

27
Q

remnants of clefts 2-4 form what

A

form the cervical sinus which is later obliterated and if this is not obliterated there are clinical problems

28
Q

what is the thyroid derived from

A

median endodermal thickening of pharyngeal floor

29
Q

what is the development of the thyroid gland

A

the gland descends along the pharynx into the neck remaining connected to tongue via the thyroglossal duct which degenerates around week 7

superior opening of the thyroglossal duct remains as the foramen cecum

30
Q

what is the pyramidal lobe of thyroid

A

a remnant of the distal thyroglossal duct (looks like a little finger-like projection)
50 % individuals

31
Q

what are parafollicular cells derived from (C cells)

A

ultimobranchial body of the 4th pouch

32
Q

what does the 1st pharygeal arch contribute to tongue formation and what innervation

A

body (anterior 2/3)

GSA from trigeminal (ectodermal in origin)

33
Q

what does the 3rd arch contribute to tongue formation

A

posterior 1/3 or root of tongue

GVA from glossopharyngeal

34
Q

what does the 4th arch contribute to tongue formation and what innervation

A

forms the epiglottic region of the tongue (GVA from vagus n)

35
Q

what is the muscle of the tongue derived from

A

paraxial mesoderm of occipital somites

36
Q

what is the cause of ectopic thyroid or parathyroid tissue

A

remnants of thyroid tissue can remain along the course of migration

the parathyroids also undergo a migration and are highly variable in their location

37
Q

what is the cause of lateral cervical cysts

A

form when the cervical sinus fails to degenerate

these cysts are found along the anterior LATERAL border of the SCM

38
Q

what is the cause of branchial fistulas

A

occurs when the second arch fails to outgrow the third and fourth arches

the cervical sinus retains a connection with the surface (external fistula)

in rare cases the lateral cervical cyst can open into the pharynx (internal fistula)

39
Q

what is the cause of thyroglossal cysts

A

remnant of thyroglossal duct

always location on or near MIDLINE of the neck

40
Q

what are the problems with neural crest defects in the development of pharyngeal arches

A

severe craniofacial defects result from disruption of neural crest cell migration or differentiation

treacher collins
robin sequence
digeorge anomaly
goldnehar syndrome

41
Q

what are symptoms seen in treacher collins

A

malar hypoplasia
micrognathia - undersized jaw
malformed external ear
impaired hearing

42
Q

what are the symptoms of robin sequence

A

micrognathia
cleft palate
glossoptosis - retraction of tongue

43
Q

what are the symptoms of Goldenhar syndrome

A 
Underdeveloped 
    facial bones
-Ear anomalies
-Eye anomalies
-hemivertebrae
-spina bifida
44
Q

what is DiGeorge Syndrome

A 
Deletion of chromosome 22
cardiac abnormalities
craniofacial defects
thymic hypoplasia 
parathyroid dysfunction - hypocalcemia due to parathyroid insufficiencies

Neuro Exam 1 (9 decks)

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