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Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Surface Ectoderm

A

Adenohypophysis (from Rathke’s pouch); Parotid, sweat, mammary glands

(Also, lens of eye, epithelial linings of oral cavity; sensory organs of ear and olfactory epithelium; epidermis; anal canal below pectinate line)

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2
Q

Adenohypophysis

A 
Surface ectoderm (Rathke's pouch)
(Neurohypophysis/posterior pituitary is from brain-neuroectoderm)
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3
Q

Parotid, sweat, mammary glands

A

Surface ectoderm

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4
Q

Neuroectoderm

A

Brain (neurohypophysis, CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, pineal gland); Retina and optic nerve; Spinal cord

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5
Q

Brain

A

Neuroectoderm (with neurohypophysis, neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, pineal gland)

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6
Q

Retina and optic nerve

A

Neuroectoderm

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7
Q

Spinal cord

A

Neuroectoderm

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8
Q

Neural Crest

A

PNS (DRG, cranial nerves, celiac ganglion, Schwann cells, ANS); Melanocytes: Chromaffin cells of Adrenal Medulla; Parafollicular C cells of Thyroid; Schwann cells; Pia and Arachnoid; Bones of Skull; Odontoblasts (teeth); Aorticopulmonary Septum (spiral septum)

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9
Q

PNS

A

Neural Crest

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10
Q

Melanocytes

A

Neural Crest

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11
Q

Skull bones

A

Neural Crest

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12
Q

Aorticopulmonary Septum

A

Neural Crest

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13
Q

Adrenal Medulla Chromaffin cells

A

Neural Crest

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14
Q

Thyroid’s Parafollicular (C) Cells

A

Neural Crest

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15
Q

Pia and Arachnoid

A

Neural Crest

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16
Q

Mesoderm

A

Muscle, Bone, CT; Spleen (from foregut mesentery)

(Also, serous linings of body cavities (peritoneum); CV structures; lymphatics; blood; gut tube wall; bladder wall; urethra; vagina; kidneys; adrenal cortex; dermis; testes/ovaries)

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17
Q

Muscle, Bone, CT

A

Mesoderm

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18
Q

Organs

A

Mesoderm (Spleen, Gut tube wall, CV structures, Bladder wall, Urethra, Vagina, Kidneys, Adrenal Cx, Dermis, Testes/Ovaries)

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19
Q

Spleen

A

Mesoderm

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20
Q

Notochord

A

Nucleus Pulposus. Notochord induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm (neural plate).

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21
Q

Mesodermal Defects

A

VACTERL: Vertebral defects; Anal atresia; Cardiac defects; Trache-Esophageal fistula; Renal defects; Limb defects (bone and muscle)

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22
Q

Endoderm

A

Gut tube epithelium (and anal canal above pectinate line); luminal epithelial derivatives (lungs, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, eustachian tube, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells from tongue)

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23
Q

Gut tube epithelium

24
Q

Aortic Arch Derivatives

A
  1. Maxillary artery (off of external carotid)
  2. Stapedial artery and Hyoid artery
  3. Common Carotid and Proximal Internal Carotid artery
  4. L: Aortic Arch, R: Proximal Subclavian
  5. Proximal Pulmonary arteries and Ductus Arteriosus
25
Q

1st aortic arch

A

Maxillary Artery (off external carotid)

26
Q

2nd aortic arch

A

Stapedial and hyoid artery

27
Q

3rd arortic arch

A

Common Carotid and proximal Internal Carotid artery

28
Q

4th aortic arch

A

L: Aortic Arch; R: Proximal Subclavian (4th arch, 4 limbs - systemic)

29
Q

6th aortic arch

A

Proximal Pulmonary arteries and Ductus Arteriosus

30
Q

5th aortic arch

A

Obliterates!

31
Q

Aortic Arches in general

A

Arterial System

32
Q

Branchial Apparatus

A

aka Pharyngeal Apparatus; All around pharynx!
Clefts/grooves: Ectoderm
Arches: Mesoderm (muscles, arteries) and Neural Crest (bones (of skull), cartilage)
Pouches: Endoderm

33
Q

Branchial Cleft Derivatives

A
  1. Ear (EAM)

2-4. Temporary cervical sinuses, obliterate (otherwise lateral neck cyst)

34
Q

Branchial Arch Derivatives

A
  1. M&Ts
  2. S
  3. Pharyngeal
  4. Neck and Voice box
35
Q

1st Branchial Arch

A

Meckel’s cartilage: Mandible, Malleus and incus, spheno-Mandibular ligament
Muscles: Mastication (temporalis, masseter, pterygoids), Mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatine
CNs for Mastication: Trigeminal V2 and V3
*If 1st arch neural crest fails to migrate -> Treacher Collins with mandibular hypoplasia and facial abnormalities

36
Q

2nd Branchial Arch

A

Reichert’s cartilage: Stapes, Styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid ligament
Mucles of facial expression, Stapedius, Stylohyoid, posterior belly of hypogastric
CN for Smiling: VII

37
Q

3rd Branchial Arch

A

Cartilage: greater horn of hyoid
Muscles: styloPharyngeus
CN: IX glossoPharyngeal (swallowing)
*Congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula: persistance of cleft and pouch -> fistula between tonsillar area and lateral neck (with Brancheal Clefts 2-4 sinuses remaining)

38
Q

4-6th Branchial Arches

A

Cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, cornulate, cuneiform
4th arch: Cricothyroid, most pharyngeal constrictors, levator veli palatini
6th arch: All intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid
CNs: 4th- Superior laryngeal branch of X (swallow); 6th- Recurrent laryngeal (speak)
*Arches 3 and 4 form posterior 1/3 of tongue
*Arch 5 makes no major developmental contributions

39
Q

Branchial Pouch derivatives

A
  1. Middle EAR cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells (Endoderm-lined ear structures)
  2. Palatine Tonsil epithelial lining
  3. Inferior parathyroids (dorsal wings of pouch); Thymus (ventral wings of pouch)
  4. Superior parathyroids (dorsal wings of pouch)
40
Q

1st Branchial Pouch

A

Ear: middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells

41
Q

2nd Branchial Pouch

A

Tonsil: palatine tonsil lining

42
Q

3rd Branchial Pouch

A

Inferior parathyroid and Thymus

*DiGeorge syndrome: No thymus or parathyroid (3rd and 4th Branchial/Pharyngeal Pouches)

43
Q

4th Branchial Pouch

A

Superior parathyroid

44
Q

Parathyroid embryology

A

Inferior from 3rd, Superior from 4th pharyngeal pouch (endoderm)

45
Q

Thymus embryology

A

3rd pharyngeal pouch (endoderm)

46
Q

Sonic Hedgehog

A

Gene that mediates ectodermal function
Produced at base of limbs, in zone of polarizing activity
Patterns anterior-posterior axis and CNS development
Mutation can cause Holoprosencephaly

47
Q

Gene expressed at base of limbs, mutation causes Holoprosencephaly

A

Sonid Hedgehog

48
Q

Wnt-7

A

Gene that patterns dorsal-ventral axis

Expressed at apical ectodermal ridge, at distal end of each limb

49
Q

Gene expressed at apical ectodermal ridge, at distal end of each limb

A

Wnt-7 (dorsal-ventral organization) and FGF (limb lengthening)

50
Q

FGF

A

Gene that stimulates mitosis of mesoderm, lengthening the limbs
Expressed at apical ectodermal ridge, at distal end of each developing limb
Mutation can cause achondroplesia

51
Q

Homeobox (Hox)

A

Gene involved in segmental organization craniocaudally
Mutation causes appendages in wrong locations
Expression altered by RetinA

52
Q

Gene invovled in segmental organization craniocaudally

A

Homeobox (Hox)

Expression altered by RetinA

53
Q

When does the bilaminar disc form in a fetus?

A

Within week 2

Epiblast, Hypoblast

54
Q

When does the trilaminar disc from in a fetus?

A

Within week 3

Gastrulation (starts with epiblast invaginating to form primitive streak)

55
Q

When is the neural tube formed?

A

Closed by week 4 (folic acid important before fertilization!)

56
Q

When does the heart begin to beat?

A

Week 4. Upper and lower limb buds begin to form, too.

57
Q

When does organogenesis occur?

A

Weeks 3-8. Most susceptible to teratogens.

Pharm (7 decks)

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