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Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Surface Ectoderm

A

Adenohypophysis (from Rathke’s pouch); Parotid, sweat, mammary glands

(Also, lens of eye, epithelial linings of oral cavity; sensory organs of ear and olfactory epithelium; epidermis; anal canal below pectinate line)

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2
Q

Adenohypophysis

A 
Surface ectoderm (Rathke's pouch)
(Neurohypophysis/posterior pituitary is from brain-neuroectoderm)
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3
Q

Parotid, sweat, mammary glands

A

Surface ectoderm

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4
Q

Neuroectoderm

A

Brain (neurohypophysis, CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, pineal gland); Retina and optic nerve; Spinal cord

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5
Q

Brain

A

Neuroectoderm (with neurohypophysis, neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, pineal gland)

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6
Q

Retina and optic nerve

A

Neuroectoderm

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7
Q

Spinal cord

A

Neuroectoderm

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8
Q

Neural Crest

A

PNS (DRG, cranial nerves, celiac ganglion, Schwann cells, ANS); Melanocytes: Chromaffin cells of Adrenal Medulla; Parafollicular C cells of Thyroid; Schwann cells; Pia and Arachnoid; Bones of Skull; Odontoblasts (teeth); Aorticopulmonary Septum (spiral septum)

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9
Q

PNS

A

Neural Crest

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10
Q

Melanocytes

A

Neural Crest

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11
Q

Skull bones

A

Neural Crest

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12
Q

Aorticopulmonary Septum

A

Neural Crest

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13
Q

Adrenal Medulla Chromaffin cells

A

Neural Crest

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14
Q

Thyroid’s Parafollicular (C) Cells

A

Neural Crest

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15
Q

Pia and Arachnoid

A

Neural Crest

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16
Q

Mesoderm

A

Muscle, Bone, CT; Spleen (from foregut mesentery)

(Also, serous linings of body cavities (peritoneum); CV structures; lymphatics; blood; gut tube wall; bladder wall; urethra; vagina; kidneys; adrenal cortex; dermis; testes/ovaries)

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17
Q

Muscle, Bone, CT

A

Mesoderm

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18
Q

Organs

A

Mesoderm (Spleen, Gut tube wall, CV structures, Bladder wall, Urethra, Vagina, Kidneys, Adrenal Cx, Dermis, Testes/Ovaries)

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19
Q

Spleen

A

Mesoderm

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20
Q

Notochord

A

Nucleus Pulposus. Notochord induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm (neural plate).

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21
Q

Mesodermal Defects

A

VACTERL: Vertebral defects; Anal atresia; Cardiac defects; Trache-Esophageal fistula; Renal defects; Limb defects (bone and muscle)

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22
Q

Endoderm

A

Gut tube epithelium (and anal canal above pectinate line); luminal epithelial derivatives (lungs, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, eustachian tube, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells from tongue)

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23
Q

Gut tube epithelium

24
Q

Aortic Arch Derivatives

A
  1. Maxillary artery (off of external carotid)
  2. Stapedial artery and Hyoid artery
  3. Common Carotid and Proximal Internal Carotid artery
  4. L: Aortic Arch, R: Proximal Subclavian
  5. Proximal Pulmonary arteries and Ductus Arteriosus
25
1st aortic arch
Maxillary Artery (off external carotid)
26
2nd aortic arch
Stapedial and hyoid artery
27
3rd arortic arch
Common Carotid and proximal Internal Carotid artery
28
4th aortic arch
L: Aortic Arch; R: Proximal Subclavian (4th arch, 4 limbs - systemic)
29
6th aortic arch
Proximal Pulmonary arteries and Ductus Arteriosus
30
5th aortic arch
Obliterates!
31
Aortic Arches in general
Arterial System
32
Branchial Apparatus
aka Pharyngeal Apparatus; All around pharynx! Clefts/grooves: Ectoderm Arches: Mesoderm (muscles, arteries) and Neural Crest (bones (of skull), cartilage) Pouches: Endoderm
33
Branchial Cleft Derivatives
1. Ear (EAM) | 2-4. Temporary cervical sinuses, obliterate (otherwise lateral neck cyst)
34
Branchial Arch Derivatives
1. M&Ts 2. S 3. Pharyngeal 4. Neck and Voice box
35
1st Branchial Arch
Meckel's cartilage: Mandible, Malleus and incus, spheno-Mandibular ligament Muscles: Mastication (temporalis, masseter, pterygoids), Mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatine CNs for Mastication: Trigeminal V2 and V3 *If 1st arch neural crest fails to migrate -> Treacher Collins with mandibular hypoplasia and facial abnormalities
36
2nd Branchial Arch
Reichert's cartilage: Stapes, Styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid ligament Mucles of facial expression, Stapedius, Stylohyoid, posterior belly of hypogastric CN for Smiling: VII
37
3rd Branchial Arch
Cartilage: greater horn of hyoid Muscles: styloPharyngeus CN: IX glossoPharyngeal (swallowing) *Congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula: persistance of cleft and pouch -> fistula between tonsillar area and lateral neck (with Brancheal Clefts 2-4 sinuses remaining)
38
4-6th Branchial Arches
Cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, cornulate, cuneiform 4th arch: Cricothyroid, most pharyngeal constrictors, levator veli palatini 6th arch: All intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid CNs: 4th- Superior laryngeal branch of X (swallow); 6th- Recurrent laryngeal (speak) *Arches 3 and 4 form posterior 1/3 of tongue *Arch 5 makes no major developmental contributions
39
Branchial Pouch derivatives
1. Middle EAR cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells (Endoderm-lined ear structures) 2. Palatine Tonsil epithelial lining 3. Inferior parathyroids (dorsal wings of pouch); Thymus (ventral wings of pouch) 4. Superior parathyroids (dorsal wings of pouch)
40
1st Branchial Pouch
Ear: middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells
41
2nd Branchial Pouch
Tonsil: palatine tonsil lining
42
3rd Branchial Pouch
Inferior parathyroid and Thymus | *DiGeorge syndrome: No thymus or parathyroid (3rd and 4th Branchial/Pharyngeal Pouches)
43
4th Branchial Pouch
Superior parathyroid
44
Parathyroid embryology
Inferior from 3rd, Superior from 4th pharyngeal pouch (endoderm)
45
Thymus embryology
3rd pharyngeal pouch (endoderm)
46
Sonic Hedgehog
Gene that mediates ectodermal function Produced at base of limbs, in zone of polarizing activity Patterns anterior-posterior axis and CNS development Mutation can cause Holoprosencephaly
47
Gene expressed at base of limbs, mutation causes Holoprosencephaly
Sonid Hedgehog
48
Wnt-7
Gene that patterns dorsal-ventral axis | Expressed at apical ectodermal ridge, at distal end of each limb
49
Gene expressed at apical ectodermal ridge, at distal end of each limb
Wnt-7 (dorsal-ventral organization) and FGF (limb lengthening)
50
FGF
Gene that stimulates mitosis of mesoderm, lengthening the limbs Expressed at apical ectodermal ridge, at distal end of each developing limb Mutation can cause achondroplesia
51
Homeobox (Hox)
Gene involved in segmental organization craniocaudally Mutation causes appendages in wrong locations Expression altered by RetinA
52
Gene invovled in segmental organization craniocaudally
Homeobox (Hox) | Expression altered by RetinA
53
When does the bilaminar disc form in a fetus?
Within week 2 | Epiblast, Hypoblast
54
When does the trilaminar disc from in a fetus?
Within week 3 | Gastrulation (starts with epiblast invaginating to form primitive streak)
55
When is the neural tube formed?
Closed by week 4 (folic acid important before fertilization!)
56
When does the heart begin to beat?
Week 4. Upper and lower limb buds begin to form, too.
57
When does organogenesis occur?
Weeks 3-8. Most susceptible to teratogens.

Pharm (7 decks)

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