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LCRS 1 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What structure comes before blastocyst

A

Morula- a ball of undifferentiated cells within zona pellucida

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2
Q

Development from morula to blastocyst

A

Morula differentiates so inner cells differ from outer ones

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3
Q

Structure of blastocyst

A

Outer layer of trophectoderm with an inner cell mass and fluid filled cavity

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4
Q

When does blastocyst hatch from zona pellucida

A

6 days post fertilisation

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5
Q

What happens between day 6 to 10

A

Inner cells mass of blastocyst becomes bilayer disk made of hypoblast and epiblast cells

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6
Q

What is first change to bilayer disk of blastocyst

A

Gastrulation

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7
Q

What happens in gastrulation

A

Conversion of hypoblast and epiblast cells to 3 layers of germ cells

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8
Q

What are 3 layers of germ cells

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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9
Q

Summarise gastrulation

A

Proliferation of epiblast cells into space between epiblast and hypoblasts cells which becomes endoderm cells. Then get apoptosis of hypoblast cells

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10
Q

What does ectoderm give rise to

A

Skin and nervous tissue

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11
Q

What does mesoderm give rise to

A

Muscles, blood, skeleton, heart and kidney

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12
Q

What does endoderm give rise to

A

Gut and lungs

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13
Q

What happens before end of gastrulation

A

Neurulation begins- differentiation of ectoderm to generate CNS

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14
Q

What controls neurulation

A

Notochord in mesoderm

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15
Q

What happens in junction with neurulation

A

Precursors of other tissues develop within embryo as it is converted from flattened tissue to 3D

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16
Q

What has happened by week 4

A

Precursors of all internal tissues have been laid and some external structures have begun to develop

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17
Q

Name given to extra digit

A

Polydactyly

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18
Q

What has happened to limbs by week 8

A

Limbs roate to definitive orientation resulting in helical pattern of lower extremity dermatomes

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19
Q

Link between thalidomide and limb deformties

A

Thalidomide was given to treat morning sickness. Morning sickness normally starts around 6 weeks which matches the main stages of limb development

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20
Q

How did thalidomide affect developing limbs

A

It damaged the developing blood vessels which were supplying them with the nutrients required for proper growth and development.

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21
Q

3 stages to kidney development

A

Pronephros-most immature form
Mesonephros- intermediate phase
Metanephros- most developed and persists as adult kidney

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22
Q

Where do gonads arise from

A

Intermediate mesoderm within urogenital ridges of embryo

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23
Q

Where do male genital ducts arise from

A

Mesonpehric ducts

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24
Q

Where do female genital ducts aruse from

A

Paramesonephric ducts

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25
What determines differential development of male reproductive system
SRY on Y chromosome
26
Describe movement of kidney during its development
Ascends from near to bladder- ureters extend at same time as kidney ascends to maintain connections
27
Describe changes in vascular supply of kidney during development
Forms new connection with developing arterial system as it moves upwards- renal arteries are broken and reformed
28
Common kidney development abnormalities
One kidney may be retained in the pelvis Retention of an artery may obstruct the ureter Kidneys form seperately but then fuse to form horsehoe kidney
29
What covers gonad precursor
Colemic epithelial cells
30
What gives rise to gametes within gonads
Primordial germ cells
31
What regulates male development of urogenital tract
Testosterone from Leydig cells
32
What stimulates testosterone from leydig cells during development
hCG from maternal circulation- hCG levels peak around 7-8 weeks when this development starts
33
What do sertoli cells produce to regress Mullerian ducts
AMH- anti mullerian hormone
34
Differentiation of tracts to either male or female
Around 9 weeks the indifferent genitalia are converted to either male or female. This is regulated by DHT produced from testosterone originating in Leydig cells of testis
35
What are most mal-developments as a result of in males
Inability to produce AMH or testosterone | Inability of target organs to respond to these hormones
36
What causes Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Mutant androgen receptor in males
37
Effects of androgen insensitivity syndrome
Limited virilisation of external genitalia Testis sructure is viable but do not descend Mesonephric ducts are lacking
38
Why do paramesonephric ducts regress and no female structures are present
Can still produce AMH
39
What causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Mutant 21a hydroxylase enzyme
40
Effect of CAH
Lack of cortisol means no negative feedback on ACTH which remains high. This leads to overstimulation of adrenals causing an increase in weaker androgens. This results in partial virilisation of female genitalia
41
Why are internal systems normal in females with CAH
no SRY
42
Why are there no male ducts in females with CAH
No testosterone
43
Why do female ducts develop normally in CAH
No AMH as no sertoli cells
44
Describe cardiac embryology until the 21st day
Cardiogenic cells develop in a U pattern outside the proper embryo to form a pair of heart tubes. These fuse by day 21 and are able to pump blood unidirectionally
45
What gives rise to the 4 chambered structure
Looping and septation
46
What happens during looping and septation of the heart
Vascular connections are made eg veins to atria and valves develop
47
2 differences in structure of heart pre-delivery and after
Presence of foramen ovale which is gap between 2 atria | Presence of ductus arteriosus between right ventricle and left ventricle
48
Reason for foramen ovale
Allows blood passing from right atria to left atria to limit blood flow out of the right ventricle to lungs
49
Reason for ductus arteriosus
Blood flowing to lungs instead flows to rest of body through left ventricle
50
4 abnormalities assocaited with tetraology of fallot
1. Pulnomary stenosis 2. Thickened right ventricle wall 3. Ventricular septal defect 4. Overriding aorta
51
What is pulnomary stenosis
Narrowing of pulnomary valve
52
What is the ventricular septal defect in tetralogy of fallot
Hole in the wall of right ventricle
53
What is overriding left ventricle
Aorta is shifted to right and recieves blood from both ventricles
54
What causes blue baby syndrome
Babies become cyanotic as there is transposition of aorta and pulnomary artery meaning right ventricle pumps out deoxygenated blood to rest of body
55
What happens in spina bifida
Fusion of the neural tube should have happened by 3 weeks but in spina bifida there is a failure of fusion in an area and it leads to exposure of spinal chord above skin
56
Result of spina bifida
Inability to walk Damage to tissues associated with supply from that area Varies a lot between patients
57
Cause of spina bifida
low maternal folate diet
58
Where do facial structures develop at what period
After 5 weeks the primary structures are on the side of the face and move centrally over the next 5 weeks
59
What happens to facial features as they migrate medially
Clefts are formed and these are then filled by fusion of the tissue from either side
60
How do you get cleft palates and lips
Incomplete fusion of tissues from either side of the face
61
Is cleft palate normally asymmetric or not
symmetric
62
Is cleft lip normally asymmetric or symmetric
asymmetric
63
5 steps to lung development
``` Embryonic Psedoglandular Canalicular Saccular Alveolar ```
64
Describe lung development
Starts at bronchi and ends at alveoli | Effective moves all the way along
65
When does surfactant production begin
Start of third trimester
66
Why is surfactant production so important
Necessary for lung function when exposed to air
67
What lung condition do some preterm babies suffer from
Respiratory distress syndrome
68
What causes RDS
lack of surfactant
69
What can be given to increase surfactant production in babies who are going to be preterm
Glucorticoid injection to mother as accelerates production | Artificial surfactant has been developed that can be injected into babies

LCRS 1 (58 decks)

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