Embryology Flashcards
From gametes to Derm
Gametes –> Zygote –> blastula –> gastrula –>endoderm/mesoderm/ectoderm
Explain the neurulation process
notochord arises from dorsal mesoderm and induce neural plate from ectoderm, forming neural tube and neural crest cells migration
Describe neural tube closure
Begins in the middle than proceeds rostrally and caudally (closing neuropores)
Describe first 3 brain vesicles
From rostral end cell proliferation
Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
Describe the 5 brain vesicles
From rostral end cell proliferation Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesncephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon
Telencephalon will give rise to
cerebrum
Diencephalon will give rise to
retina
thalamus
hypothalamus
Mesencephalon will give rise to
Midbrain
Metencephalon
Cerebellum
Pons
Myelencephalon
Medulla
Branchial (pharyngeal) arches
mesoderm
Form parts of CN V,VII, IX, X
Homeobox
Placodes
Ectoderm thickening
Form cranial nerve ganglia and cranial sense organs
3 things somites form
Sclerotome (vertebrae, ribs)
Myotome (skeletal muscles)
Dermatome (dermis)
How does the spinal cord moves during development
rostral (up)
Fetal spinal cord extension
To the bottom of the spinal column
Adult spinal cord extension
L1 and L2 vertebral bodies
What are the 3 layers protecting brain and spinal cord?
Pia matter
Arachnoid matter
Dura matter
ANS cells origin
Neural crest
Neural crest cell migration
- Dorsal root ganglion
- Melanocytes
- Branchial arch structures
- Para-vertebral sympathetic ganglia
- Adrenal medulla
- Pre-vertebralsympathetic ganglia
- Parasympathetic plexus
Defects of closure of neural tube
Anencephaly
Encephalocele
Myelocele (spina bifida)
Neuronal proliferation and migration defects
- Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia
- Right Frontal Polymicrogyria
- Right Frontal Cortical Dysplasia
- Schyzencephaly
