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Year 3 - Reproduction > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs during Week 3?

A

1) Gastrulation
2) Neurulation
3) Somite formation

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2
Q

What occurs between weeks 4-8?

A

Organogenetic period

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3
Q

What occurs week 9 onwards?

A

Organ maturation

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4
Q

What does the cloaca divide to form?

A

> The GI tract

> Anteriorly the urogenital sinus

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5
Q

What does the mesonephric duct drain into?

A

The urogenital sinus

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6
Q

What does the urogenital sinus form?

A

> Urinary bladder

> The caudal end forms the urethra

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7
Q

Types of kidney in week 5 embryo?

A

> Pronephros

> Mesonephros

> Metanephros (Uteric bud and metanephric mesoderm)

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8
Q

Where is the pronephros?

A

The cervical region

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9
Q

Where is the mesonephros?

A

The thoracolumbar region

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10
Q

Where is the metanephros?

A

Pelvic region

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11
Q

When does the genital (gonadal) ridge formation occur?

A

Week 5-6

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12
Q

What does the genital (gondola) ridge form from?

A

The mesonephros forms a long ovoid structure in association with thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae.

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13
Q

Where do the germ cells migrate from?

A

From the yolk sac, via dorsal mesentery, and embed into primitive sex cords

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14
Q

If germ cells do not migrate what will occur?

A

No gonads

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15
Q

Epithelium of the mesonephros invaginate to form what? What does this become?

A

A tube, this tube becomes the para-mesonephric duct

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16
Q

What does the mesonephric duct (The Wolffian duct) develop into, in a male?

A

Mesonephric duct develops into epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle

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17
Q

What does the paramesonephric duct (The Mullerian duct) develop into in males?

A

Paramesonephric duct degenerates

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18
Q

What does the urogenital sinus form in males?

A

Urogenital sinus forms bladder, urethra; and prostate

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19
Q

What is another name for the mesonephric duct?

A

The Wolffian duct

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20
Q

What is another name for the paramesonephric duct?

A

The Mullerian duct

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21
Q

What does the mesonephric duct (The Wolffian duct) develop into, in a female?

A

Mesonephric duct degenerates

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22
Q

What does the paramesonephric duct (The Mullerian duct) develop into in females?

A

Paramesonephric duct forms fallopian tube, uterus, cervix part of vagina

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23
Q

What does the urogenital sinus form in females?

A

Urogenital sinus forms bladder and lower part of vagina

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24
Q

How does the indifferent gonad know whether to develop into a testes or an ovary?

A

SRY encodes for a protein called TDF (testis determining factor)

TDF makes the indifferent gonad develop into a testis

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25
Q

Other than allowing the development of the testes what does SRY encode for?

A

Sertoli cells

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26
Q

What is the role of the Sertoli cells (male)?

A

Sertoli cells recreate Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS):

1) Paramesonephric duct degenerates. Therefore no development of fallopian tube, uterus, cervix part of vagina.
2) MIS transforms mesenchymal cells between cords to form Leydig cells –> Testosterone –> External genitalia

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27
Q

What is the role of the Leydig cells?

A

By 8 weeks gestation, Leydig cells produce testosterone which stimulate the differentiation of male external genital development and mesonephric ducts

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28
Q

Where do the seminal vesicles (male) develop from?

A

Outgrowth from caudal end of mesonephric duct

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29
Q

Where does the prostate develop from?

A

Outgrowth(s) from urethra, from urogenital sinus

30
Q

Why does a female not develop testes?

A

They do not have the SRY of TDF regions

31
Q

How many follicle at birth?

A

Around 2 million primordial follicles

32
Q

After puberty, hormonal influences stimulation of how many follicles per month?

A

12-15 follicles per 28 day cycle

Only one follicle (normally) reaches maturity and ovulation

33
Q

In females, what does the absence of testosterone lead to?

A

Degeneration of mesonephros and mesonephric duct

The paramesonephric ducts develop to give rise to female genital tract

34
Q

What does the cranial end of paramesonephric duct become in females?

A

The ovaries

35
Q

What does the caudal end of paramesonephric duct become in females?

A

Become uterus and superior part of the vagina

36
Q

What does the inferior part of the vagina develop from?

A

The urogenital sinus

37
Q

Where do the gonads initially form?

A

Within the lumber region

38
Q

At week 7 where are the gonads/testes located?

A

Level of T10

39
Q

At week 7 where are the gonads/ovaries located?

A

Level of T10

40
Q

At week 12 where are the gonads/ovaries located?

A

Broad ligament

41
Q

At week 12 where are the gonads/testes located?

A

Level of deep inguinal ring (remains until 7th month)

42
Q

When do the testes enter the scrotum?

A

Just prior to birth 39 weeks

43
Q

What happens to the gonads/ovaries before birth?

A

Round ligament drawn through inguinal canal to attach to labrum majorum

44
Q

For the descent of the gonads in males what needs to be present?

A

The formation of the larger inguinal canal in males

45
Q

For the descent of the gonads in females what needs to be present?

A

In the female – the presence of the round ligament and its passage through the inguinal canal

46
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

Absence of testes in scrotum (cryptorchidism)

47
Q

Types of cryptorchidism?

A

1) Undescended
2) Ectopic
3) Retractile testes
4) Absent testes

48
Q

Complications of cryptorchidism?

A

1) Infertility
2) Malignant transformation (Germ cell tumours)
3) Testicular torsion

49
Q

How is cryptorchidism managed?

A

Orchiopexy

50
Q

In Cryptorchidism where can the testes be located?

A

1) Abdomen
2) Inguinal canal
3) Internal inguinal ring
4) External inguinal ring
5) Prescrotal (prepubic) region

51
Q

Remnants of the mesonephric duct - cranial excretory tubule in the mesovarium?

A

Epoophoron

52
Q

Remnants of the mesonephric duct - caudal excretory tubule in the mesovarium?

A

Paroophoron

53
Q

Remnants of the mesonephric duct - small caudal portion in the wall of the uterus of vagina?

A

Gartner’s cyst

54
Q

Types of anomalies of the female reproductive tract?

A

1) Complete duplication
2) Separate uterus
3) Bicornuate uterus (Partially separated, deep)
4) Arcuate uterus (Partially separated, shallow)

55
Q

What is the ratio of babies being born with birth defects?

A

1 in 46 babies (2.2% of babies)

56
Q

Within England and Wales which birth defect has a higher incidence than other European countries?

A

Spina bifida - 1 in 1000 babies

57
Q

What are the most common birth anomalies?

A

Congenital heart defects
> 1 in 1000 babies
> Can require major surgery
> 6% babies will die before their 1st birthday

58
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

1) A class of drug used for inflammatory conditions
2) Drug or other substance which can result in birth defect
3) Fetal anomaly associated with short or absent limbs
4) A congential ovarian cyst which can contain any type human tissue

59
Q

What can a teratogen lead to?

A

May lead to structural or functional abnormality or even in utero death:

1) Death
2) Learning difficulties
3) Sensory deficient
4) Structural abnormalities
5) Cancer
6) IUGR or growth defects
7) Neurodevelopmental / behavioural dysfunction
8) Developmental delay

60
Q

Teratogens within the 1st trimester?

A

> Structural defects when organogenesis is occurring

> Greatest risk between week 3 and 11.

61
Q

When exposed to teratogens after which week are functional or growth defects more likely to occur?

A

After 12 weeks of gestation

62
Q

What increases the risk of Fetal Alcohol syndrome?

A

Binge drinking = When an individual drinks five or more units of alcohol on one occasion

Regular binge drinking, around conception and in early pregnancy, is particularly harmful.

63
Q

What is the classic triad for congenital rubella syndrome?

A

1) Sensorineural deafness
2) Eye abnormalities—especially retinopathy, cataract and microphthalmia
3) Congenital heart disease—especially pulmonary artery stenosis and patent ductus arteriosus.

64
Q

What does Varicella lead to?

A

> Limb hypoplasia
Skin scarring
Eye defects

65
Q

In which trimester does Varicella pose the highest risk?

A

Greatest risk 2nd trimester

66
Q

When do cardiac defects occur during pregnancy?

A

Very early in pregnancy

67
Q

What does warfarin use in pregnancy increase the risk of?

A

Cardiac defects

68
Q

What can cause cardiac defects?

A

> Drugs e.g. Warfarin
Infections
Genetic

69
Q

Who requires preconception counselling to reduce risk of anomalies?

A 
> Epilepsy 
> Diabetes
> Woman on anticoagulants
> Woman with congenital anomalies 
> Antihypertensives
70
Q

Why do we advise folic acid use?

A

To reduce the risk of a neural tube defect

Year 3 - Reproduction (25 decks)

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