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Cardiovascular System > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first major system to function in the embryo?

A

The cardiovascular system

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2
Q

When does the primordial heart start functioning?

A

Beginning of the 4th week of development

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3
Q

Why does the primordial heart start functioning so early?

A

Nutrition received by diffusion is not enough to satisfy the growing embryo

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4
Q

What are the stages of development of the blood vessels?

A

Differentiation of mesenchymal cells
Angioblast formation
Blood island formation
Small cavities appear within blood islands
Endothelial lined cavities fuse to form endothelial channels

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5
Q

What is the difference between vasculogenesis and angiogenesis?

A

During vasculogenesis blood vessels form in situ

In angiogenesis vessels develop by sprouting and branching from the pre-existing vessels

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6
Q

Where do blood vessels first appear?

A

In the wall of the yolk sac, allantois, connecting stalk and chorion

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7
Q

When do the angioblastic cords first appear?

A

Around the 3rd week of development, first seen in the cardiogenic mesoderm

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8
Q

The angioblastic cords canalise to form

A

heart tubes

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9
Q

What does the tubular heart show?

A

Alternate dilatations and constrictions

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10
Q

What are the sections of the heart tube primordia?

A 
Truncus arteriosus 
Bulbus cordis 
Ventricle 
Atrium 
Sinus venosus
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11
Q

Where do the two horns (left and right) of the sinus venous get their venous blood from?

A

Yolk sac, placenta and body of the embryo

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12
Q

What is the truncus arteriosus continuous with cranially?

A

Aortic sac

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13
Q

What arises from the aortic sac?

A

Aortic arches

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14
Q

Where do the aortic arches terminate?

A

Dorsal aorta

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15
Q

What controls the blood flow from the sinus venosus to the primordial atrium?

A

Sinoatrial valves

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16
Q

Blood passes through the atrioventricular canal into the

A

primordial ventricle

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17
Q

From the ventricle, blood is pumped through the

A

bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus in the aortic sac, to the aortic arches

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18
Q

From the aortic arches, blood passes to the dorsal aorta for distribution to the

A

embryo, yolk sac and placenta

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19
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A 
Epicardium 
Myocardium 
Endocardium 
Pericardium 
Serous pericardium
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20
Q

What is the pericardium derived from?

A

Intra-embryonic coelom

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21
Q

What are the parietal layers of the serous pericardium and fibrous pericardium formed from?

A

Somatopleuric mesoderm

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22
Q

What is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium derived from?

A

Splanchnopleuric mesoderm

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23
Q

How is the bulboventricular loop formed?

A

The bulbus cordis and ventricle grow faster than other regions, forming a U-shaped loop called the bulboventricular loop

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24
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

Where the heart tube bends to the left side instead of to the right
Most frequent positional abnormality of the heart

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25
Q

What might dextrocardia be associated with?

A

Situs inversus

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26
Q

During what week of development is the partitioning of the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus?

A

5th week

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27
Q

What changes occur in the mesenchymal cells during the 5th week of development?

A

Active proliferation of the mesenchymal cells in the walls of the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus

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28
Q

What results in the formation of the aortico-pulmonary septum?

A

180 degree spiralling of the bulbar and truncal ridges

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29
Q

What doe the aortico-pulmonary septum divide?

A

The bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus into the aorta and pulmonary trunk

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30
Q

When does the formation of the cardiac septa occur?

A

Around 27th and 37th days of embryonic development

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31
Q

What is the method of formation of the cardiac septa?

A

Proliferation of the mesenchymal tissue

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32
Q

What is the cardiac septa formation followed by?

A

Endocardial cushion formation

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33
Q

When does partition of the primordial heart occur?

A

Begins around middle of 4th week and finishes by end of 5th week

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34
Q

How is the AV canal partitioned?

A

Endocardial cushions form on dorsal and ventral walls of AV canal
Develop from cardiac jelly
Endocardial cushions approach each other and divide the cavity into left and right AV canals

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35
Q

When is the partitioning of the primordial atrium?

A

Starts towards end of 4th week of development

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36
Q

What are formed during the partitioning of the primordial atrium?

A

Two septa and two foramen

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37
Q

What are the septa and foramen formed during partitioning of the primordial atrium?

A

Septum primum
Septum secundum
Foramen primum
Foramen secundum

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38
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

Septum secundum appears on the right of the septum premium and grows and overlaps the foramen secundum, to form an opening known as the foramen ovale

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39
Q

What is the role of the foramen ovale?

A

Before birth it allows most of the blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium and prevents the passage of blood in the opposite direction
Normally closes after birth, creating an increased pulmonary blood flow and shift of pressure to the left atrium

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40
Q

What is a remnant of the foetal oval foramen in the adult heart?

A

Oval fossa

41
Q

What does non-closure of the foramen ovale result in?

A

Atrial septal defect

42
Q

What does the interventricular septum develop from?

A

Muscular and membranous part of primordial ventricle

43
Q

What does the muscular part of the primordial ventricle develop from?

A

Proliferation of the medial wall

44
Q

Where is the interventricular septum formed?

A

Between the free edge of the muscular septum and the fused endocardial cushion

45
Q

What does the interventricular foramen permit?

A

Communication between the left and right ventricles

46
Q

How is the interventricular foramen closed?

A

By the fusion of the bulbar ridges with the endocardial cushion forming the membranous part of the interventricular septum

47
Q

What do the aortic and pulmonary (semilunar) valves develop from?

A

Proliferation of subendocardial tissue

48
Q

What do the tricuspid and mitral valves develop from?

A

Local proliferation of tissues around the atrioventricular canal

49
Q

Where are the early pacemakers of the heart?

A

Primordial atrium then sinus venosus

50
Q

When does the sinoatrial node develop?

A

During 5th week of development

51
Q

Where is the location of the sinoatrial node in an adult?

A

High in the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava

52
Q

What do the atrioventricular node and Bundle of His develop from?

A

Cells of atrioventricular canal and sinus venosus

53
Q

What is transposition of the great vessels associated with?

A

Cyanotic heart disease in newborns
Atrial septal defects
Ventricular septal defects

54
Q

What is the cause of transposition of the great vessels?

A

Failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to take a spiral course and effective migration of neural crest cells

55
Q

What are the two methods of development of the blood vessels?

A

Vasculogenesis

Angiogenesis

56
Q

What are the first arteries to appear in the embryo?

A

Primitive aortae

57
Q

What are the parts of the primitive aortae?

A

Ventral part and dorsal part

58
Q

When do the pharyngeal arches develop?

A

During 4th and 5th week of development

59
Q

How many pairs of aortic arches normally develop?

A

Six pairs

60
Q

What happens to the 5th pair of aortic arches in the embryo?

A

In 50% they are rudimentary

In 50% they do not develop

61
Q

What is the adult derivative of the first aortic arches?

A

Maxillary arteries

62
Q

What is the adult derivative of the second aortic arches?

A

Hyoid and stapedial arteries

63
Q

What is the adult derivative of the third aortic arches?

A

Common carotid and first pair of internal carotid arteries

64
Q

What is the adult derivative of the fourth aortic arches?

A

Arch of aorta from left common carotid to left subclavian arteries (left side)
Right subclavian artery (right side)

65
Q

What is the adult derivative of the sixth aortic arches?

A

Left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus (left side)

Right pulmonary artery (right side)

66
Q

What is the function of the vitelline arteries?

A

Supply yolk sac in the embryo

67
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the vitelline arteries?

A

Celiac artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery

68
Q

When do the vitelline arteries merge with the dorsal mesentery?

A

During the development of the gut tube

69
Q

What happens to the umbilical arteries after birth?

A

Proximal portion persists as the internal iliac and superior vesical arteries
Distal portion degenerates and forms the medial umbilical ligaments

70
Q

What are the coronary arteries derived from?

A

Migration of pro-epicardial cells

Cells of the epicardium

71
Q

What is the function of the vitelline veins in the embryo?

A

Carry blood from the yolk sac to the sinus venosus

72
Q

What is the function of the umbilical veins in the embryo?

A

Carry oxygenated blood to the embryo

73
Q

What is the function of the cardinal veins in the embryo?

A

Drains body of embryo

74
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the vitelline veins?

A

Portal vein
Hepatocardiac part of inferior vena cava
Hepatic sinusoids
Superior mesenteric vein

75
Q

What happens to the umbilical veins in the adult?

A

Right umbilical vein degenerates completely

Left umbilical vein obliterates and forms ligamentum teres of the adult liver

76
Q

What happens to the ductus venosus in the adult?

A

Obliterates and forms ligamentum venosum

77
Q

What is the main venous drainage system of the embryo?

A

Cardinal veins

78
Q

When does the embryonic lymphatic system develop?

A

At the end of the 6th week of development

79
Q

How many lymph sacs develop at the end of the embryonic period?

A

Six primary lymph sacs - two jugular, two iliac, one retroperitoneal and one chyle cistern

80
Q

What does the thoracic duct develop from?

A

Caudal part of the right thoracic duct

Anastamosis between the thoracic ducts and the cranial part of the left thoracic duct

81
Q

What are lymphocytes initially derived from?

A

Stem cells in the yolk sac membrane, latterly in the liver, spleen and bone marrow

82
Q

What is good respiration in the newborn dependent on?

A

Normal circulator changes at birth

83
Q

What is the function of the ductus venosus?

A

Bypasses blood from the umbilical vein to the IVC

Becomes ligamentum venosum of the liver

84
Q

What is the function of the oval foramen?

A

Diverts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium

Closes after birth by tissue proliferation and adhesion of septal structures

85
Q

What is the function of the ductus arteriosus?

A

Diverts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the descending aorta
Obliterates to form ligamentum arteriosum

86
Q

What percentage of live births are affected by congenital heart disease?

A

1%

87
Q

What sex is generally more affected by CHD?

A

Male

88
Q

What CHD are more common in females than males?

A

Atrial septal defect

Patent ductus arteriosus

89
Q

What are some possible causes of CHD?

A 
Maternal rubella infection in pregnancy 
Maternal alcohol abuse 
Maternal drug treatment and radiation 
Genetics 
Chromosomal abnormalities
90
Q

What are the clinically significant types of atrial septal defect?

A

Ostium secundum defect
Endocardial cushion defect with ostium premum defect
Sinus venosus defect
Common atrium

91
Q

What is the most common type of congenital heart disease and what percentage of defects does this account for?

A

Ventricular septal defect - 25% of defects

92
Q

What is the most common type of ventricular septal defect?

A

Membranous type

93
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot is made up of what cardiac defects?

A

Pulmonary stenosis
Ventricular septal defect
Dextroposition of the aorta
Right ventricular hypertrophy

94
Q

What is the cause of Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Unequal division of the conus due to anterior displacement of the conotruncal septum

95
Q

What are the common venous system defects?

A

Double inferior vena cava
Absence of the inferior vena cava
Left SVC
Double SVC

96
Q

What are the anomalies of the lymphatic system?

A

Congenital lymphoedema

Cystic hygroma

97
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosus associated with?

A

Maternal rubella infection in early pregnancy

98
Q

What is the cause of patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Failure of muscular wall to contract, respiratory distress syndrome, lack of surfactant in the lungs

99
Q

What are the forms of coarctation of the aorta?

A

Preductal, extensive preductal or postductal

Cardiovascular System (40 decks)

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