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Cardiovascular System > Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where in the body are blood vessels and lymphatics not present?

A

Blood vessels everywhere except cartilage

Lymphatics everywhere except brain and eyes

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2
Q

What are the main circulations?

A

Pulmonary and system
Pulmonary goes heart - lungs - heart
Systemic goes heart - body - heart

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3
Q

What circulation begins and ends in the capillaries?

A

Hepatic portal circulation

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4
Q

What stops the heart from over-expanding?

A

Outer fibrous pericardium

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5
Q

What is the surface marking of the apex of the heart?

A

5th intercostal space at midclavicular line

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6
Q

What forms the posterior surface of the heart?

A

Left atrium

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7
Q

What makes up 2/3rds of the anterior heart?

A

Right ventricle

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8
Q

What is the difference between the lie of the heart in children vs in adults?

A

Lies higher and more horizontal in children

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9
Q

What are the anatomical relations of the heart?

A 
Sternum 
Costal cartilages 4-7 
Anterior ridges of lungs and pleura 
Thymic remnants 
Oesophagus 
Descending aorta 
Thoracic vertebrae 5-8 
Lungs and phrenic nerves
Central tendon of diaphragm
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10
Q

Where is the sternal angle?

A

Level of T4

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11
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

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12
Q

What is the endocardium formed of?

A

Epithelium
Basement membrane
Connective tissue

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13
Q

What is the myocardium formed from?

A

Muscle

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14
Q

What is the epicardium formed from?

A

Connective tissue
Basement membrane
Epithelium

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15
Q

What does the endocardium line?

A

Heart chambers

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16
Q

What type of epithelium is in the endocardium?

A

Simple squamous

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17
Q

What does the endocardium form?

A

Valves

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18
Q

What cell type is cardiac muscle formed of?

A

Myocytes

19
Q

How are chamber lumen closed down?

A

Muscle bundles in different planes

20
Q

What are myocytes connected by?

A

Intercalated discs

21
Q

What is the function of desmosomes in the intercalated discs of the heart?

A

Connect at horizontal interface and bind myocytes together

22
Q

What is the function of gap junctions in the intercalated discs of the heart?

A

Connect at the vertical interface and supply electrical communication which is essential for a co-ordinated cardiac cycle

23
Q

What type of epithelium is in the epicardium?

A

Simple squamous

24
Q

What layer of the heart contains the main branches of the coronary arteries?

A

Epicardium

25
Q

What is direction of blood flow in the heart controlled by?

A

Valves

26
Q

What do the chordae tendinae and papillary muscles prevent?

A

Valve failure

27
Q

How are heart valves clinically important?

A

In relation to abnormalities causing incompetence or stenosis and in infection

28
Q

What valves are semilunar valves?

A

Aortic and pulmonary

29
Q

What valves are bicuspid valves?

A

Mitral

30
Q

What valves are atrioventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid and mitral

31
Q

What does failure of the aortic valve to close tightly cause?

A

Backflow of blood into the left ventricle

32
Q

The cardiac skeleton provides structural support for what?

A

Atrioventricular septum
Roots of great vessels
Anchorage for valves
Myocytes and capillary network

33
Q

The cardiac skeleton provides electrical insulation for what?

A

Atria from ventricles
Myocardium from great vessels
Purkinje fibres

34
Q

What kind of tissue forms the cardiac skeleton?

A

Connective tissue

35
Q

What are the attachments of the heart?

A

Central tendon of diaphragm
Sternum
Roots of great vessels

36
Q

What is the heart lined by?

A

Serous pericardium

37
Q

What is the serous pericardium made of?

A

Epithelium

38
Q

What is secreted by the serous pericardium?

A

Pericardial fluid which acts as a lubricant

39
Q

What are the visceral and parietal pericardial layers bound to?

A

Visceral layer bound to heart epicardium

Parietal layer bound to fibrous pericardium

40
Q

The visceral and parietal pericardial layers are continuous, what does this allow?

A

Freedom of movement of the heart during the cardiac cycle

41
Q

At systole, openings in the aortic sinuses are shielded by what?

A

Aortic valve cusps

42
Q

At diastolic what happens to the aorta?

A

There is elastic recoil of the aorta which closes the aortic valve and allows blood to enter the arteries

43
Q

Where are the coronary arteries located?

A

In the epicardium

Cardiovascular System (40 decks)

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