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MD 1 Embryology (MCQ) > Embryology 6 - Neurulation > Flashcards

Embryology 6 - Neurulation Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

includes ______ & ______

A

Brain

& Spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

includes ____ & _____

A

Sensory-somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A
  • Endoderm (innermost-yellow)
  • Mesoderm (middle-red)
  • Enctoderm (outermost-blue)
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4
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A
  • GI tract (inner lining)
  • GI-linked organs (liver, pancreas)
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5
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A
  • Anything between ecto & endo
  • e.g. muscle, bone, blood, kidney
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6
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A 
* Skin (epidermis)
 Nervous system (neuron, glia)
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7
Q

During the 3rd week of development,

the ectoderm cranial to the node becomes

_________________

A

Neural plate

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8
Q

The neural plate gives rise to

____ & ____

A

Neural tube

&

Neural crest

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9
Q

The neural crest detaches & migrates/scatters

from edge of neural plate to become _____

A

the PNS

(green-neural crest)

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10
Q

The neural tube gives rise to _____

A

the CNS

(Brain & spinal cord)

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11
Q

The mesoderm surrounds the neural tube

& forms ______

A

Vertebrae

(mesoderm in red)

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12
Q

Neural Tube Defect (NTD)

is caused by _______

A

failure in neural tube and/or vertebra closure

  • Common birth defects (1 in 1,000)

Normal closure of both neural tube (NT) & Sclerotome shown in pic

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13
Q

Two types of Neural Tube Defects (NTD)

A
  1. Closed NTD
  2. Open NTD
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14
Q

Spina bifida occulta

(Closed NTD)

A
  • Vertebra fail to fuse (NT still in place)
  • Mostly asymptomatic
  • Typically at L5-S1 levels
  • **Often marked by patch of hair over affected area
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15
Q

Spina bifida cystica

(Closed NTD)

A
  • NT herniates from unclosed vertebra
  • Causes neurological deficits
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16
Q

Two types of Spina bifida cystica

A
  1. Meningocele
  2. Meningomyelocele (more severe)
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17
Q

Open NTD

A
  • Neural plate fails to close
  • Neurons exposed to amniotic fluid –> Necrosis
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18
Q

Anencephaly

A
  • Due to anterior neuropore closure (future forebrain) failure
  • May be born alive (brain stem still intact)
19
Q

Intake of _______ can prevent NTD

A

Folic acid

  • Daily intake of FA by mothers reduces NTD by ~70%
  • 400 mcg/day recommended for women of reproductive age
  • Mechanisms not fully understood
20
Q

Neuroepithelial cell generates _____ & _____

A

neuron & glia

21
Q

Layers of Neural Tube (NT)

A
  1. Marginal layer
  2. Mantle layer
  3. Neuroepithelial layer
22
Q

White matter vs. Gray matter

A

White matter - most cell axons located here

Gray matter - most cell bodies located here

23
Q

Dorsal-ventral differentiation of NT

A

Dorsal –> Alar plate –> Sensory input

Ventral –> Basal plate –> Motor output

24
Q

Spinal nerve contains both

____ & ____ neurons

A

Sensory & motor

25
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

(neural crest)

A

Receives sensory signals from peripheral/neural tube

26
Q

Intervetebral opening

A

Where the spinal nerve exits away from the CNS

27
Q

_____ of spinal cord shifts relative to vertebra

A

Terminal end

28
Q

________ grows much faster than spinal cord

A

Vetebral column (and dura)

29
Q

Intervetebral opening CAN or CAN’T

change location?

A

CAN’T change location.

BUT, the length of the spinal nerves can increase/change.

Lower part of spinal cord has longer axon extensions that extend lower down vetebral column.

30
Q

End of spinal cord at birth?

A

L3

31
Q

Cauda equina

A

L4-S4

(Where lumbar puncture occurs to avoid damaging neural tissue)

32
Q

Tethered cord syndrome

A

Abnormal attachment of spinal cord to vetebra

Results in downward stretch of spinal cord

(Often caused by spina bifida)

Neurological symptoms: weakness in legs, low back pain, incontinence

33
Q

Brain is derived from ______ end of neural tube

A

Cranial

34
Q

Telencephalon

A
  • Most cranial
  • Precursor to cerebral hemisphere
  • Enlarges the most, covers entire brain
35
Q

Diencephalon

A

Protrudes into retina

36
Q

Holoprosencephaly (HPE)

A

Brain & face abnormalities due to loss of midline structures

Causes:

  1. Mutation in Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) gene
  2. Defective cholesterol biosynthesis (Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome)
37
Q

Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling

A

Signal-sending cell –> SHH protein combines with cholesterol –> SHH receptors on Signal-receiving cell (PTCH/SMO) –> activates transcription factor for turning on/off genes

38
Q

Neural crest –> _____

A

PNS

(e.g. Melanocytes, enteric ganglia, Meninges, Schwann cells, Chromaffin cells)

39
Q

Neural crest from cranial region –> _______

A

Facial bones

Middle ear bones

Parafollicular cells of thyroid

Dermis of skin

Connective tissues around eyes, muscles of iris, cornea

40
Q

Dermis, bones, connective tissues, muscle in the trunk are from _____

A

MESODERM

41
Q

Neurocristopathy

A

Disease arising from abnormal development of neural crest

42
Q

Hirschsprung’s Disease

(Aganglionic megacolon)

A

Cause: Deficiency of enteric ganglia (neural crest derivatives)

Pathophys: Blockage of colon due to impaired peristalsis

Signs/symptoms: Constipation, vomiting, abdonminal swelling, growth retardation

(Observed 1-2 days after birth.. unable to poop!)

Treatment: surgical removal of affected region of colon

43
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome

(Velocardiofacial syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome)

A

Hearing loss, heart defects, cleft palate, craniofacial anomalies, and learning problems

44
Q

How do you know which tissues came from neural crest?

A

Classic experiments: Chick-qual chimera (1970s)

Implanted part of neural crest of quail into chick embryo & observed development.

Quail cells stain differently from chick cells

MD 1 Embryology (MCQ) (7 decks)

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