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MD 1 Embryology (MCQ) > Embryology 1 - Overview and Teratology > Flashcards

Embryology 1 - Overview and Teratology Flashcards

1
Q

When is the Embryonic Period?

A

fertilization –> second month of gestation

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2
Q

When is the Fetal Period?

A

Second month of gestation –> full term

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3
Q

What is the Obstetric (gestational ) age?

A

Begins at last menstrual period

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4
Q

What is the Embryonic age?

A

Begins at time of fertilization

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5
Q

What is Fertilization?

A
  • Initiation of embryo development
  • Occurs when an oocyte and sperm merge
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6
Q

During 1st week, embryo is ____

A

Preparing for implantation

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7
Q

Within 2 days of fertilization, a ______ has formed.

A

Zona pellucida

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8
Q

At around 5 days, a ____ hatches out of the zona pellucida

A

Blastocyst

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9
Q

During 2nd-3rd weeks, embryo is _____.

A

Setting up basic body plan

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10
Q

At around 6-7 days, _____ occurs

A

Implantation

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11
Q

At around 16 days, the embryo develops _______ and is ___ long.

A

Primitive streak at the caudal end; 1 mm

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12
Q

At around 22 days, the embryo develops _____ and is __ long.

A

Somites (body segmentation); 2.5mm

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13
Q

During the 4th-8th weeks, the embryo is ______.

A

Making precursors of major organs.

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14
Q

During the 4th week, the embryo has developed _____ and is ___ long.

A

4 mm.

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15
Q

During the 5th week, the embryo has developed ____.

A
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16
Q

During 7th week, the embryo has begun developing _______and is __ long.

A
17
Q

During 9th-38th weeks, embryo is undergoing _____.

A

Growth and organ development

18
Q

During 9th week, ____ is unclear. Embryo is ___long and weighs ____.

A
19
Q

During 18th week, fetus has _____, is __ long and weighs __.

A
20
Q

During 7th month, fetus is __long and weighs __.

A
21
Q

What are the Events of Parturition (Birth) (3)

A

1) Rupture of amniochorionic membrane
2) Effacement and dilation of the cervix
3) Delivery by contraction of uterus and abdominal muscles

22
Q

What is Malformation?

A

Formation of a structure fails, resulting in its absence or alteration of configuration

23
Q

What is Disruption?

A

Destructive event alters morphology of a structure that has already formed

24
Q

What is Deformation?

A

Aberrant mechanical forces mold a structure and cause deformation

25
Q

What is the Period of greatest susceptibility to teratogen exposure?

A

3rd-8th weeks

26
Q

What is the most common teratogen?

A

Alcohol

27
Q

What are the symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

A

Heart defects, growth retardation, neurodevelopmental abnormalities, distinct facial features

28
Q

What is Thalidomide? What does it cause?

A
  • Oral sedative for pregnant women in late 1950s
  • Caused distinct limb malformation, and facial, kidney, cardiac, anal, neurological, and growth defects
    *
29
Q

What are the effects of Vitamin A as a Teratogen?

A
  • Excessive use of vitamin A may cause birth defects
  • Vitamin A plays essential roles in body patterning during embryogenesis
30
Q

What are the effects of Rubella (German Measles) as a Teratogen?

A
  • When mother is infected during first trimester:
    • deafness
    • cataract, glaucoma
    • heart defect
    • mental retardation
31
Q

What are some Infectious Agent Teratogens (5)?

A
  • Rubella (German Measles
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Syphilis
  • Varicella virus
  • Cytomegalovirus
32
Q

What are some Physical Agent Teratogens (2)?

A
  • X-rays
  • Hyperthermia
33
Q

What are some Maternal Condition Teratogens (2)?

A
  • Diabetes
  • Obesity
34
Q

What are some Drug Teratogens (8)?

A
  • Amphetamine (psychostimulant)
  • Phenytoin (antiepileptic)
  • Valproic acid (anticonvulsant)
  • Lithium (treat bipolar disorder)
  • SSRI (antidepressant)
  • Warfarin (anticoagulant)
  • ACE inhibitor (treat hypertension)
  • Mycophenolate mofetil (immunosuppressant)
35
Q

What is the definition of a Syndrome?

A

Several clinically recognizable features, signs or symptoms that occur together due to an underlying cause

36
Q

What is Holt-Oram Syndrome?

A
  • Genetic disorder that impairs upper limbs and heart
  • Due to TBX5 mutation
37
Q

What is TBX5?

A

Transcription factor expressed in upper limb buds and heart precursor durying embryogenesis and plays essential role in their formation

38
Q

What is DiGeorge Syndrome?

A
  • Genetic disorder that causes hearing loss, cleft palate, heart defects, and/or other anomalies
  • Caused by small deletion in chromosome 22
    • Impairs neural crest differentiation and migration
39
Q

What is Kartagener Syndrome?

A
  • Genetic disorder that results in chronic sinusitis, bronchitis, infertility, and/or situs inversus
  • Mutation in left-right dynein (LRD) gene causes defects in cilum functions

MD 1 Embryology (MCQ) (7 decks)

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