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MD 1 Embryology (MCQ) > Embryology 2 - Fertilization to Implantation > Flashcards

Embryology 2 - Fertilization to Implantation Flashcards

1
Q

Our body froms from cells found in the ___.

A

Blastocyst

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2
Q

What are the Main Events during Preimplantation (3)?

A
  • Mitosis to increase cell number
  • Blastocyst morphogenesis
  • Blastocyst hatching
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3
Q

Blastocyst consists what two cell types?

A
  • Trophectoderm (TE)
    • epitheliumof blastocyst
  • Inner Cell Mass
    • pluripotent
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4
Q

What does Totipotent mean?

A

Capable of producing all cell types (i.e. embryonic and extraembryonic)

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5
Q

What does Pluripotent mean?

A

Capable of producing cell types only of the body

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6
Q

What does Differentiated mean?

A

Mature cell type in adult body

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7
Q

What is Molar Pregnancy?

A
  • Blastocyst is made up of only trophectoderm and is missing the ICM
  • TE forms chorionic villi continuously, resulting in hyatidiform mole or molar tissue, which becomes cystic
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8
Q

What are some symptoms of Molar Pregnancy (6)?

A
  • No fetus detected by ultrasound
  • Abnormally high hCG level in blood test
  • Enlarged uterus
  • Vaginal bleeding
  • Hypertension
  • Edema
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9
Q

What are the Pluripotency Genes in ICM?

A
  • Oct4 (Pou5f1)
  • Nanog
  • Sox2
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10
Q

What is Aneuploidy?

A

Abnormal number of chromosomes

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11
Q

Percentage of pregnancies that end in miscarriage before the 20th week?

A

50

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12
Q

Aneuploidy is caused by ___.

A

Meiotic nondisjunction

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13
Q

What is Meiotic Nondisjunction?

A

the unequal allocation of chromosomes in egg or sperm

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14
Q

What is the main risk factor for meiotic nondisjunction?

A
  • Advanced Maternal Age
    • oocytes arrest in prophase (before 1st meiotic division) in the fetus
    • stage of arrest might not be ideal to protect oocyte from environmental insult
    • meiosis resumes at puberty, just before ovulation and completes at fertilization
    • oocytes arrested for 40 years might be prone to damage that interferes with meiosis
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15
Q

What syndrome is caused by Trisomy 21 and what are some of its symptoms?

A

Down Syndrome

  • Mental retardation
  • Flat faces
  • Slanting Eyes
  • Small ears
  • Growth retardation
  • Heart defects
  • 1:2,000 women <25 years old
  • 1:100 in women >40 years old
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16
Q

What is the syndrome caused by Trisomy 18 and what are some of its symptoms?

A

Edwards Syndrome

  • Mental retardation
  • Skeletal defects
  • Small jaw
  • Low set ears
  • Heart defects
  • Kidney defects
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17
Q

What is the syndrome caused by Trisomy 13 and what are some of its symptoms?

A

Patau Syndrome

  • Mental retardation
  • Holoprosencephaly
  • Eye defects
  • Cleft lip & palate
  • Heart defects
  • Extra digits
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18
Q

What is Turner Syndrome and what are some of its symptoms?

A

XO or X monosomy

  • Female appearance
  • No ovaries,
  • Short stature
  • Webbed neck
  • Braod chest
  • Skeletal deformities
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19
Q

What is Klinefelter Syndrome and what are some of its symptoms?

A

XXY

  • Tall and slim
  • Enlarged breasts
  • Broad pelvis
  • Less body hair
  • Infertile
  • Testicular atrophy
  • Learning difficulties
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20
Q

What are some Female Factors Contributing to Infertility (3)?

A
  • Most common are problems with ovulation, advanced age, or blocked tubes
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21
Q

What are some Male Factors Contributing to Infertility (3)?

A
  • Most common are low sperm count, low sperm motility, abnormal morphology
22
Q

What is Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)?

A
  • Used to select the embryos with normal chromosome or genetic make-up for transfer to the uterus
23
Q

What are the Pituitary Hormones (Names and Function)?

A
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Follicle maturation and ovulation

Hormone production by follicles

24
Q

What are the Ovarian Hormones (Names and Function)?

A
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone

Regulate endometrial cycle

25
Q

When fertilization does not occur, what happens?

A
  • Egg is released but sperm is absent
  • Endometrial lining degenerates
26
Q

What are the Hormones Involved in Maintenance of Endometrial Lining in Pregnancy?

A
27
Q

What is the Alteration of Hormones by Abortion Pill RU-486?

A
  • Causes endometrial degeneration by binding to progesterone receptor and preventing progesterone action
28
Q

What is the Alteration of Hormones by Birth Control Pills?

A

Contain progesterone and estrogen, which inhibit ovulation by preventing FSH and LH release

29
Q

What is the Alteration of Hormones by the “Morning After Pill”?

A

Contains higher dose of birth control pill, delays ovulation and prevents sperm from reaching egg (which takes 5-6 days)

30
Q

At implantation, trophectoderm differentiates what two types of cells?

A
  • Cytotrophoblast
  • Syncytiotrophoblast
31
Q

What are Syncytiotrophoblasts and what do they do?

A

Invasive cells that migrate into endometrium and pull blastocyst in

  • produce hCG
  • engulf maternal blood vessels to establish uteroplacental circulation
32
Q

What is Placenta previa?

A

premature placenta detachment and hemorrhaging

33
Q

What is the normal implantation site?

A

Anterior or Posterior wall of the uterus

34
Q

What are some Possible Causes of Ectopic Pregnancy (3)?

A
  • Scarring from pelvic inflammatory disease
  • Endometriosis
  • Prior surgery
35
Q

What are some Symptoms of Ectopic Pregnancy (4)?

A
  • overdue menstruation
  • vaginal bleeding
  • lower abdominal pain one side
  • low hCG level in blood test
36
Q

What does the Chorionic Villus do?

A

site of maternal-fetal exchange

37
Q

When does the Primary stem villus develop?

A
  • Develops day 11-13
38
Q

When does the secondary stem villus develop?

A
  • Develops day 16
  • Trophoblast layers grow and enclose lacunae (space filled with maternal blood)
39
Q

When and how does the tertiary stem villus develop?

A
  • Develops day 21
  • Villus forms barrier between maternal and fetal blood flow
  • Fetal blood vessesl form from mesoderm core of villus
40
Q

What is the Function of the Placenta?

A

Does job of the lung (gas exchange) and kidney (waste removal)

41
Q

What are some Substances that Pass from Fetus to Mother through Chorionic Villi (7)?

A
  • CO2
  • Water, electrolytes
  • Urea, uric acid
  • Creatine
  • Bilirubin
  • Hormones
  • Red blood cell antigens
42
Q

What are some Substances that can pass from mother to fetus through Chorionic Villi (9)?

A
  • O2
  • Water, electrolytes
  • Nutrients (carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids)
  • Hormones
  • Antibodies
  • Vitamins
  • Iron, trace elements
  • Drugs
  • Toxic substances (alcohol, some viruses)
43
Q

What is Erythroblastosis fetalis?

A
  • Condition caused by maternal antibodies passing to the fetus via the placenta
44
Q

What happens after separation of Embryo from Uterine Wall?

A

Chorioamnionic membrane will form around the developing body

45
Q

What is the Function of the Amnionic Sac?

A

Provides space for fetus to grow in

46
Q

What is the Function of Amniotic Fluid?

A

Suspends fetus in sac and also acts as shock absorbant

47
Q

What is the Definition of Ultrasonography and how is it used in pregnancy?

A
  • High frequency waves applied to abdominopelivc area and reflected from tissues to create images
  • Used to monitor growth parameters of embryo/fetus and to manage high risk pregnancies
48
Q

What is Maternal Serum Screening?

A
  • Blood test to analyze serum for biochemical markers
    • Low AFP level: chromosome aneuploidy
    • High AFP level: body abnormality
49
Q

What is Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) analysis?

A

DNA fragments from trophoblasts analyzed for blood type, specific genetic disorders, and aneuploidy

50
Q

What is Amniocentesis and when can it be performed?

A

Amniotic fluid contains biochemical markers and fetal cells for genetic or chromosome analysis

Done when fetus reaches 14 weeks

51
Q

What is Chorionic Villus Sampling and when can it be performed?

A

Villus sample contains lots of cells used for immediate genetic analysis

Can be done earlir than amniocentesis (at 7 weeks)

MD 1 Embryology (MCQ) (7 decks)

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