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MD 1 Embryology (MCQ) > Embryology 5 - Development of Bone and Muscle > Flashcards

Embryology 5 - Development of Bone and Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A

Most of bones and muscles

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2
Q

Where does the mesoderm emerge from?

A

Primitive streak

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3
Q

What four things does the mesoderm further divide into?

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Somite (paraxial mesoderm)
  3. intermediate mesoderm (IM)
  4. lateral plate mesoderm (LPM)
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4
Q

____ form segmented blocks next to the neural tube.

A

Somites

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5
Q

What are the three layers of somite?

A

Dermatome

Myotome

Sclerotome

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6
Q

What structure does the dermatome form?

A

Dermis of skin

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7
Q

What structure(s) do the myotome form?

A

Skeletal muscles

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8
Q

What structure(s) do the sclerotome form?

A

Vertebrae, ribs

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9
Q

Where does the sclerotome develop and what does it eventually form?

A

Surrounds neural tube and forms vertebra

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10
Q

Where is the sternum derived from?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

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11
Q

How many somite pairs have formed at day 20 of development?

A

1 (at occipital level)

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12
Q

How many somite pairs have formed at day 22 of development?

A

7-10 pairs

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13
Q

How many somite pairs have formed at day 24 of development?

A

13-17

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14
Q

How many somite pairs have formed during the 5th week of development?

A

42-44 (some occipital and coccygeal somite pairs later disappear)

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15
Q

What controls somite segmentation?

A

cyclic NOTCH signaling

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16
Q

A new somite pair appears every __ hours.

A

8

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17
Q

What is DELTA protein?

A

Surface protein on the signal-sending cell that binds to NOTCH protein on neighboring cell to activate NOTCH signaling

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18
Q

What is Lunatic Fringe?

A

A protein in the signal-receiving cell that mediates whether NOTCH mRNA is translated to NOTCH protein and whether the protein is expressed on the cell surface

19
Q

What does the NOTCH Protein do?

A

When bound to delta protein, activates MESP2 gene transcription in signal-receiving cell

20
Q

What is Spondylocostal dysostosis?

A

Vertebral defects (scoliosis, hemivertebra, rib fusion) caused by mutations in NOTCH signaling components

21
Q

The identity of each vertebrae is determined by ____ gene code.

A

HOX

22
Q

Loss of HOX10 gene results in ___.

A

Extension of thoracic-appearing vertebrae into lumbar and sacral regions

23
Q

Expanded HOX10 expression results in ____.

A

Extension of lumbar-appearing vertebrae into thoracic region of spine

24
Q

What are Cervical ribs?

A

Abnormal Extra rib formation from C7 vertebra

25
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm gives rise to which bones?

A

Bones in arms, legs, shoulders, pelvis, and chest

26
Q

Neural crest (ectoderm) gives rise to which bones?

A

Bones in the face and jaws

27
Q

What are the Two Types of Ossification Processes?

A
  1. Intramembranous ossification
  2. Endochondral ossification
28
Q

What is Intramembranous Ossification?

A

Osteoblasts deposit mineralized matrix → bone

29
Q

What is Endochondral Ossification?

A
  1. Mesoderm cells come together to form mesenchyme that differentiates to chondrocytes
  2. Chondrocytes deposit matrix → formation of cartilage as template for future bone
  3. Osteoblasts invade cartilage via blood vessels at the primary ossification center and replace cartilage with mineralized matrix → bone
30
Q

What bones do endochondral ossification occur in?

A
  • Vertebrae
  • Ribs
  • Pelvis
  • Limb bones
  • skull base
31
Q

What causes Achondroplasia?

A

Caused by precocious endochondreal ossification

Caused by mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene

32
Q

What bones do intramembranous ossification occur in?

A

Flat skull bones (frontal, parietal, occipital), clavicle

33
Q

What Ossification process is involved in healing of bone fractures?

A

Intramembranous ossification

34
Q

What gene is essential for ossification?

A

RUNX2 gene (CBFA1)

35
Q

What does Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) affect?

A

RUNX2 heterozygous mutation → Intramembranous ossification is impaired

36
Q

What causes Craniosynostosis?

A

Caused by premature ossification of skull bones

37
Q

Skeletal muscle is derived from:

A

Somite (myotome)

38
Q

Cardiac muscle is derived from:

A

Lateral plate mesoderm (cranial region)

39
Q

Smooth muscle is derived from:

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

40
Q

How does skeletal muscle differentiate?

A

Myogenic progenitor cells → Differentiate into myoblasts → Myoblasts line up to form myotube → Fuse to form muscle fiber (multi-nucleated cell)

41
Q

What are Myosatellite Cells?

A

Myoblast-like stem cells that persist throughout life and proliferate and differentiate upon injury to regenerate skeletal muscle

42
Q

What brings the cardiogenic mesoderm to the thorax?

A

Cephalic and lateral folding

43
Q

What is Prune Belly Syndrome?

A

Defects in urinary system (bladder, urethra) → Degeneration of abdominal muscles

44
Q

What is Poland Syndrome?

A

Underdevelopment of unilateral chest wall muscle

Often accompanied by finger defects on the same side

May be caused by an interruption of subclavian arteries during embryo development

MD 1 Embryology (MCQ) (7 decks)

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