Embryology Flashcards
When does the gut tube form?
During lateral and longitudinal folding
What are the 3 regions formed from the gut tube?
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut
Where does the oropharyngeal membrane located?
Foregut
What region of the gut tube does the yolk sac remained connected to?
Midgut
Which region of the gut tube is the cloacal membrane?
Hindgut
What is the allantois?
Diverticulum from the hindgut that bulges into the connecting stalk
What is the gut tube surrounded by?
Visceral lateral plate mesoderm
What structures will the gut tube eventually form?
Epithelial lining of guts and organs
What does the visceral lateral plate mesoderm surrounding gut tube eventually form?
Smooth muscle
Connective tissue
Visceral peritoneum
True or False. Initially the gut tube is disconnected from the dorsal body wall.
False. It is connected by the dorsal mesentery
What is a mesentery?
Double layer of visceral peritoneum
True or False. Dorsal mesentery is just 2 layers of peritoneum.
False. It is, but there are vessels and nerves running between the layers as well.
Which regions of the gut does the dorsal mesentery remain in?
All 3: foregut, midgut, hindgut
What portion of the gut tube does the ventral mesentery form from?
Foregut
What structure forms the ventral mesentery?
Septum Transversum
What two structures form from the ventral mesentery?
Lesser omentum
Falciform ligament
Dorsal mesentery connects what to what?
Gut tube to dorsal wall
Intraperitoneal organs are:
Suspended in the abdominal cavity by a mesentery
True or False. Retroperitoneal organs are not covered by peritoneum.
False. They have peritoneum on their anterior surface only
What is the difference between a primarily and secondarily retroperitoneal organ?
Primarily- was never enclosed by a mesentery
Secondarily- was at one point enclosed by mesentery
True or False. The esophagus is entirely intraperitoneal.
False. The thoracic esophagus is retroperitoneal but the abdominal esophagus is intraperitoneal.
True or False. The entire colon is intraperitoneal.
False. The transverse and sigmoid colons are intraperitoneal but the ascending and descending colons are secondarily retroperitoneal.
What 4 structures are secondarily retroperitoneal?
Pancreas
Duodenum
Ascending colon
Descending colon
The aorta and IVC are intra or retroperitoneal?
Primarily retroperitoneal
The rectum is intra or retroperitoneal?
Subperitoneal
Which arteries supply the foregut?
Celiac Trunk
Which artery supplies the midgut?
Superior mesenteric artery
What artery supplies the hindgut?
Inferior mesenteric artery
What nerves innervate the foregut? Where do they originate and which ganglion are they associated with?
Greater splanchnic
T5-T9
Celiac ganglion
What nerves innervate the midgut? Where do they originate and which ganglion are they associated with?
Lesser and least splanchnic
T10-T12
Superior mesenteric ganglion
What nerves innervate the hindgut? Where do they originate and which ganglion are they associated with?
Lumbar splanchnics
L1-L2
Inferior mesenteric ganglion
Which parasympathetic nerve supplies the foregut?
Vagus
Which parasympathetic nerve supplies the midgut?
Vagus
Which parasympathetic nerve supplies the hindgut?
Pelvic splanchnics
S2-S4
Which gut tube forms pharynx?
Foregut
Which gut tube forms the lower respiratory system?
Foregut
Which gut tube forms esophagus?
Foregut
Which gut tube forms stomach?
Foregut
Which gut tube forms proximal 1/3 duodenum?
Foregut
Which gut tube forms liver?
Foregut
Which gut tube forms galbladder?
Foregut
Which gut tube forms pancreas?
Foregut
What structure does the stomach bud off from?
Caudal foregut
What forms the greater curvature of the stomach?
Dorsal border of foregut
What forms the lesser curvature of the stomach?
Ventral border of caudal foregut
The right and left vagus nerves form what?
Right- posterior vagal trunk
Left- anterior vagal trunk
Where does the fundus of the stomach move during rotation?
Left and inferiorly
Where does the pyloris of the stomach move during rotation?
Right and superiorly
The spaces within the peritoneal cavity develop from which 2 events?
Stomach rotation
Formation of greater and lesser omentum
Which germ layer forms the spleen?
Mesoderm
From what does the spleen form?
Dorsal mesentery of stomach
Where does the liver develop?
In the ventral mesentery
Development of the liver separates which 2 structures?
Falciform ligament
Lesser omentum
Where does the stomach develop?
Dorsal mesentery
Development of the stomach splits the dorsal mesentery into which 2 structures?
Splenorenal ligament
Gastrosplenic ligament
Where does the lesser sac form?
Posterior to stomach
From what do the greater and lesser omenta form?
Greater- dorsal mesentery
Lesser- ventral mesentery
During what event does the duodenum form?
Stomach rotation
What part of the duodenum forms from the foregut?
Proximal 1/3
Around what structure might you find the duodenum?
Head of the pancreas
True or False. The proximal region of the duodenum is retroperitoneal.
True
From which two structures does the pancreas form?
Ventral pancreatic bud
Dorsal pancreatic bud
The ventral pancreatic bud forms which part of the pancreas?
Uncinate process
The dorsal pancreatic bud forms which part of the pancreas?
Tail
Where do the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds bud off from?
Ventral- bile duct/ventral mesentery
Dorsal- dorsal mesentery
From what does the liver form?
Hepatic diverticulum
The hepatic diverticulum is an outgrowth of which structure?
Ventral foregut
What structure does the liver bud into?
Septum transversum
From what does the gallbladder form from?
Bile Duct
What part of the gut tube forms the small intestine (except 1st and 2nd part of duodenum)?
Midgut
Which part of the gut tube forms cecum?
Midgut
Which part of the gut tube forms appendix?
Midgut
Which part of the gut tube forms ascending colon?
Midgut
Which part of the gut tube forms proximal 2/3 of transverse colon?
Midgut
The midgut loop has 2 ends:
Cranial and caudal
Which structures will the cranial and caudal ends of the midgut loop eventually form?
Cranial- small intestine
Caudal- large intestine
The apex of the midgut loop connects to the yolk sac via which structure?
Vitelline duct
During development, which structure herniates into the umbilical cord, and why?
Midgut loop
Because abdominal cavity isn’t growing fast enough
The midgut loop undergoes 2 rotations. The first is?
90* around superior mesenteric artery
Cranial end goes right
Caudal end goes left
Where does the cecal bud form?
Caudal end of midgut loop
The second rotation of the midgut loop is?
180* counterclockwise and retraction back into ab cavity
Cranial retracts first and goes left
Caudal retracts and goes right
True or False. The vitelline duct remains after development.
False. It regresses and disappears after intestines have been placed.
Which two regions of the colon are secondarily retroperitoneal?
Ascending
Descending
Which part of the gut tube forms the distal 1/3 of transverse colon?
Hindgut
Which part of the gut tube forms descending colon?
Hindgut
Which part of the gut tube forms sigmoid colon?
Hindgut
Which part of the gut tube forms rectum?
Hindgut
Which germ layer forms the gut tube?
Endoderm