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CVS anatomy > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

How doe the heart tube form?

A

Two heart tubes form from BLOOD ISLANDS
These come together to form the primitive heart tube

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2
Q

Why does the heart have to loop?

A

It invaginates itself in the pericardium but is too long so must fold in order too fit

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3
Q

When does the CVS start to form?

A

Week 3

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4
Q

Why is the CVS one of the first system to form in the embryo?

A

The rapidly growing embryo needs nutrients and cannot get enough via diffusion to satisfy the growing embryo

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5
Q

What happens in week 3?

A

Blood islands appear in the yolk sac

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6
Q

What is the cardiogenic field?

A

Blood islands, allantois connecting stalk and chorion

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7
Q

What forms the somatic mesoderm?

A

Serous pericardium and fibrous pericardium

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8
Q

What forms the splanchnic mesoderm?

A

Serous pericardium

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9
Q

What does the pericardial cavity form from?

A

The intra-embryonic coelom

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10
Q

Label the primitive heart tube from top to bottom?

A

Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
Primitive ventricle
Primitive atrium
Sinus venosus

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11
Q

What are the a) arteria and b) venous ends called?

A

a) cranial
b) caudal

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12
Q

What is the looping of the heart called?

A

Bulboventricular loop

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13
Q

What happens to the bulbus cordis and ventricles in bulboventricular looping?

A

Enlarge and move left and inferiorly

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14
Q

What happens to the atria during looping?

A

Atria pushed superiorly and posteriorly

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15
Q

What is a condition of abnormal looping and explain?

A

Dextrocardia
- when heart loops to the left instead of the right
- leads to heart and other organs being on the opposite side of the body to normal

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16
Q

What does the aortic sac go on to form?

A

Aortic arches

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17
Q

What does the bulbus cordis go on to form? (2)

A

Right ventricle
Parts of the outflow tracts

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18
Q

What does the primitive ventricle go on to form? (1)

A

Left ventricle

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19
Q

What does the primitive atrium go on to form? (2)

A

Parts of the left and right atria

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20
Q

What does the sinus venosus go on to form? (2)

A

Superior vena cava
Right atrium

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21
Q

What forms the beginnings of the atrioventricular septum?

A

Endocardial cushion growth

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22
Q

What septum forms first in atrial septal formation?

A

Septum primum

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23
Q

What septum forms second in atrial septal formation and how?

A

Septum secundum
- Forms by apoptosis of part of the septum primum

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24
Q

What is the gap between septum primum and endocardial cushion called?

A

Ostium primum

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25
What is the ostium secundum?
Gap between septum primum and secundum
26
What is the foramen ovale?
A one way shunt that allows blood to pass from right to left atrium and bypass the non-functional lungs
27
How does the foramen ovale close and what does it form?
Closes after birth with first breath due to increased LA pressure - the septum primum fuses with septum secundum Forms the fossa ovalis
28
What does non-closure of the foramen ovale result in?
Patent foramen ovale - a common atrial septal defect (ASD)
29
How does the intraventricular septum develop?
1. Muscular septum forms 2. Aorticopulmonary septum divides bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus into aorta and pulmonary trunk 3. Membranous septum forms
30
What does the formation of the muscular ventricular septum lead to?
Interventricular foramen
31
How is the membranous interventricular septum formed?
Bottom of spiral aorticopulmonary septum fuses with muscular ventricular septum and endocardial cushions This closes the interventricular foramen
32
What is the most common type of ventricular septal defect?
Membranous ventricular septal defect
33
When does partitioning of the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus occur?
Week 5
34
How are bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus partitioned?
Aorticopulmonary septum divides BC and TA into aorta and pulmonary trunk The spiral septum develops - aorta and pulmonary trunk twist around each other
35
What is transposition of the great vessels?
Where the aorticopulmonary septum doesn't spiral and so vessels are in different positions
36
What is transposition of the great vessels associated with?
Cyanotic disease in newborn infants ASD VSD
37
What are the causes of transposition of the great vessels? (2)
- Failure of aorticopulmonary septum to take spiral course - Defective migration of neural crest cells to heart
38
What 4 things go wrong in transposition of the great vessels?
Transposition of vessels ASD VSD ???
39
Where do the atrioventricular valves develop from and what develops?
Ventricular wall - Cusps - Chordae tendineae - Papillary muscles
40
What forms the semilunar valves?
Subendocardial valve tissue
41
What are the early pacemakers in the primitive atrium and sinus venosus called?
Cardiomyocytes
42
When does the SA node develope?
Week 5
43
Where is the SA node located in adults?
High in the right atrium near the entrance of the SVC
44
What does the AV node and bundle of His develop from?
Cells of AV canal and sinus venosus
45
What causes cot death or sudden infant death syndrome?
Abnormalities in conducting tissue
46
What are the first arteries to appear in the embryo?
Right and left primitive aortae
47
What are the 2 parts of the primitive aortae?
Ventral Dorsal
48
How is the dorsal sac formed?
By fusion of 2 ventral aortae They then become an extension of the truncus arteriosus
49
Where do aortic branches arise from?
Aortic sac
50
When do aortic arches form?
Weeks 4 and 5
51
How many pairs of aortic arches are there?
6 pairs
52
What do the aortic arches unite with?
Arch from ventral aorta and unite with dorsal aorta
53
What doe the aortic arches give rise to?
Great arteries of the head and neck
54
How can blood vessels develop (2 methods)?
Vasculogenesis Angiogenesis
55
What is vasculogenesis?
New formation of a primitive vascular network
56
What is angiogenesis?
Growth of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessels
57
What happens to 1st and 2nd aortic arches?
Disappear completely
58
What aortic arch forms to common carotid?
3rd
59
What aortic arch forms the right subclavian artery?
4th right
60
What aortic arch forms the aortic arch?
4th left
61
What happens to the 5th aortic arch?
Disappears
62
What happens to the 6th right arch?
Forms the right pulmonary artery
63
What does the 6th left arch form?
Left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus
64
What do most defects of the great arteries arise from? (2)
- Persistence of aortic arches that normally regress - Regression of of aortic arches that normally should persist
65
What happens when the right aortic arch persist?
A double aortic arch is formed
66
What consequences does a double aortic arch have?
Difficulty swallowing and breathing as it squashed the trachea and oesophagus
67
What is caused when the ductus arteriosus is not closed off after birth?
Patent ductus arteriosus
68
What does the ductus arteriosus become after birth?
Ligamentous arteriosum
69
What can cause patent ductus arteriosus? (meternal)
Maternal rubella or German measles infection in early pregnancy
70
What can patent ductus arteriosus be associated with in the foetus? (3)
ASD VSD Coarctation of the aorta
71
What causes patent ductus arteriosus?
When muscular wall fails to contract and become ligamentous
72
What are the consequences of patent ductus arteriosus? (2)
Respiratory distress syndrome Low surfactant
73
What is coarctation of the aorta?
Where the aorta is narrowed usually where ductus arteriosus inserts
74
Where is coarctation most common?
In the aortic arch
75
Where in the aortic arch can coarctation occur and what is this called? (2)
Proximal to the ductus arteriosus - Pre-ductal Distal to the ductus arteriosus - Post-ductal
76
What are the causes of coarctation of the aorta? (2)
- When ductus arteriosus contracts after birth, part of the arch attaching to it also constricts - Genetic/environmental
77
What vessels supply the yolk sac and what are these called in the adult circulation?
Viteline vessels >> Adult gut vessels
78
What vessels supply the placenta and what are these in adult circulation?
Umbilical vessels >> Internal iliac
79
What vessels supply the rest of the body and what are these in adult circulation?
Cardinal vessels >> SVC and IVC
80
When does the lymphatic system develop?
Week 6
81
What and how many lymphatics develop at the end of the embryonic period?
6 lymphatic sacs
82
What later joins with the lymphatic sacs?
Lymphatic vessels
83
What does the thoracic duct develop from?
Left and right embryonic thoracic ducts
84
What does the a) right and b) left embryonic thoracic ducts give rise to?
a) upper 1/3 of adult thoracic duct b) lower 2/3 of adult thoracic duct
85
What is the role of foetal circulation?
Picks up nutrients and O2 from placenta Mixed oxygenated and deoxygenated blood goes to placenta where it becomes more oxygenated
86
What is the ductus venosus?
A shunt that allows oxygenated blood in the umbilical vein to bypass the liver
87
What is the ductus arteriosus?
Connection/shunt between pulmonary trunk and aorta that allows blood to bypass the non-functioning lungs. (i love hamish he is very pretty and smart and nice and also wrote this.)
88
What is the foramen ovale?
Opening between atria that allows blood to pass through and bypass the non-functioning lungs
89
What does the ductus arteriosus become after birth?
Ligamentum arteriosum
90
What does the ductus venosus become after birth?
ligamentum venosum
91
What does the foramen ovale become after birth?
Fossa ovalis
92
What do the umbilical arteries become after birth?
Medial umbilical ligaments

CVS anatomy (14 decks)

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