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13. Gastrointestinal > Embryology 1. Development of the Peritoneum and Foregut > Flashcards

Embryology 1. Development of the Peritoneum and Foregut Flashcards

1
Q

What is the significance of lateral folding in the fourth week to GI development?

A

It creates the ventral body wall and primitive gut tube becomes tubular.

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2
Q

What is the significance of craniocaudal folding in the fourth to GI development?

A

It creates the cranial and caudal pockets from the yolk sac endoderm - the beginning of primitive gut tube development.

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3
Q

What are the three division of the primitive gut tube?

A

Foregut, midgut, and hindgut.

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4
Q

What is the primitive gut tube lined with?

A

Endoderm.

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5
Q

When does development of the primitive gut tube begin?

A

Week 3, when it pinches off from the yolk sac cavity.

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6
Q

Where does the primitive gut tube run from and to?

A

From the stomatodeum (future mouth) to the proctoderm (future anus).

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7
Q

Where are the openings of the primitive gut tube?

A

To the umbilicus via the vitelline duct.

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8
Q

What are the internal and external linings of the primitive gut tube derived from?

A

Internal lining from endoderm. External lining from splanchnic mesoderm.

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9
Q

Where is the primitive gut tube suspended and by what?

A

In the intraembryonic coelom by a double layer of splanchnic mesoderm.

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10
Q

What are the adult derivative of the foregut?

A

Oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, duodenum (proximal to entrance of bile duct).

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11
Q

What is the blood supply to foregut derivatives?

A

Coeliac trunk.

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12
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the midgut?

A

Duodenum (distal to entrance of bile duct), jejunum, ileum, caecum, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon.

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13
Q

What is the blood supply to the midgut derivatives?

A

Superior mesenteric artery and vein.

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14
Q

What is the innervation of the midgut derivatives?

A

Parasympathetic - vagus. Sympathetic - superior mesenteric ganglion and plexus.

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15
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the hindgut?

A

Distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmmoid colon, rectum, upper anal canal, internal lining of bladder and urethra.

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16
Q

What is the blood supply to the hindgut derivatives?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery and vein.

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17
Q

What is the innervation of the hindgut derivatives?

A

Parasympathetic - pelvic nerve (S2, S3, S4). Sympathetic - inferior mesenteric ganglion and plexus.

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18
Q

What are the layers that the mesoderm surrounding the gut splits into?

A

Somatic mesoderm and splanchnic mesoderm.

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19
Q

What does the somatic mesoderm develop into?

A

Into the muscle and fasciae of the abdominal wall.

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20
Q

What does the splanchnic mesoderm develop into?

A

The smooth muscles of the gut wall.

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21
Q

What is the coelomic cavity?

A

The space from the splitting of the mesoderm layers.

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22
Q

What surrounds the primitive gut?

A

Coelomic cavity.

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23
Q

How is the linea alba formed?

A

With lateral folding, the two sides of the developing anterolateral abdominal wall meet in the midline.

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24
Q

Where is an opening left with the anterolateral abdominal wall meeting in the midline?

A

At the umbilicus.

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25
Q

What are the three layers of muscle in the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

External oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis.

26
Q

What is the fourth muscle of the anterolateral abdominal wall found anteriorly?

A

Rectus abdominis.

27
Q

What is deep to the muscle layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

Transversalis fascia.

28
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

An oblique passage through the layers of the abdominal wall.

29
Q

What is an umbilical hernia?

A

A congenital malformation where the intestines protrude through the abdominal wall.

30
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

Where abdominal contents push against this weak point in the layers of abdominal wall.

31
Q

What is the intraembryonic coeloem divided into?

A

The future diaphragm and abdominal and thoracic cavities.

32
Q

How does the peritoneal membrane relate to the abdominal cavity?

A

It lines it and invest the viscera.

33
Q

How is the developing gut attached to the roof of the abdominal cavity?

A

It is held by a fold of mesoderm - dorsal mesoderm.

34
Q

What does the ventral mesentery do?

A

Attaches only the foregut portion of the gut tube to the floor of the abdominal cavity.

35
Q

Where are the left and right sacs from?

A

From the foregut dorsal and ventral mesenteries dividing.

36
Q

What does the left sac contribute to?

A

Greater peritoneal sac.

37
Q

What does the right sac contribute to?

A

The lesser peritoneal sac.

38
Q

What is the greater omentum formed from?

A

The dorsal mesentery of the stomach.

39
Q

What does the greater omentum connect?

A

The greater curve of the stomach to the transverse colon.

40
Q

What is the lesser omentum formed from?

A

The ventral mesentery of the stomach.

41
Q

What does the lesser omentum connect?

A

The lesser curve of the stomach to the liver.

42
Q

How are the greater and lesser sacs, and the omenta formed?

A

By rotation of the stomach.

43
Q

How does the greater curve of the stomach develop?

A

Faster growth of the dorsal border of the originally symmetrical stomach.

44
Q

What directions does the primitive stomach rotate in?

A

Around the longitudinal axis and around the anteroposterior axis.

45
Q

What are the results of stomach rotation?

A

Original left side is now the anterior side, the right side becomes posterior. The cardia and pylorus of the stomach are shifted away from the midline so greater curve is pushed inferiorly. Lesser sac moved behind stomach. Greater omentum created.

46
Q

What is peritoneal reflection?

A

A change in direction, from parietal peritoneum to mesentery, from mesentery to visceral peritoneum etc.

47
Q

What are retroperitoneal structures?

A

Structures not suspended within the abdominal cavity. They don’t have a mesentery.

48
Q

What are some retroperitoneal structures?

A

Aorta, vena cava, kidneys.

49
Q

What are secondarily retroperitoneal structures?

A

Ones that began development invested by peritoneum, had a mesentery but with successive growth and development the mesentery is lost through fusion at the psoterior abdominal wall.

50
Q

What are some secondarily retroperitoneal structures?

A

Ascending and descending colon and the duodenum.

51
Q

What is fusion fascia?

A

Peritoneum of the posterior abdominal wall squished together with the duodenum and its mesentery, growing over it.

52
Q

Why can the fusion fascia be removed to make the duodenum mobile?

A

It is avascular so no damage is caused.

53
Q

When does the respiratory diverticulum form?

A

In the ventral wall of the foregut at the junction with the pharyngeal gut.

54
Q

What does the tracheoesophageal septum divide?

A

The respiratory diverticulum into the respiratory primordium ventrally and the oesophagus dorsally.

55
Q

How frequent are abnormally positioned tracheoesophageal septums?

A

1/3000 live births.

56
Q

What are the foregut derived glands in the ventral mesentery?

A

Liver, biliary system, and part of the pancreas.

57
Q

What are the foregut derived glands in the dorsal mesentery?

A

Pancreas - superior head, neck, body, and tail.

58
Q

What does the liver develop from?

A

The hepatic bud within the ventral mesentery.

59
Q

What is the earliest GI associated gland developed?

A

The liver.

60
Q

What happens to the duodenum in 5th/6th weeks and why?

A

The lumen is obliterated due to the lining growing so quickly.

61
Q

What happens to the duodenum by the end of the embryonic period?

A

It is recanalised.

62
Q

What is the effect of the stomach rotating on the duodenum?

A

It is pushed to the right and then back against the posterior abdominal wall.

13. Gastrointestinal (17 decks)

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