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13. Gastrointestinal > 11. Signs and Symptoms of Abdominal Disorders > Flashcards

11. Signs and Symptoms of Abdominal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common presentations of abdominal disorder?

A

Dyspepsia, abdominal pain, constipation/ diarrhoea, dysphagia.

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2
Q

What is dyspepsia?

A

Upper abdominal pain/ bloating, chronic or recurrent pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen.

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3
Q

What can cause dyspepsia?

A

Chronic peptic ulcer disease, GORD, malignancy, functional/non ulcer.

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4
Q

How can dyspepsia be managed?

A

Empirical acid suppression, non invasive H-pylori testing and eradication, early endoscopy.

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5
Q

How common is abdominal pain in hospital admissions?

A

2% of all admissions.

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6
Q

What are some foregut causes of abdominal pain?

A

Ulcers-epigastric pain, pancreatitis, gallstones.

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7
Q

Where does pain present with pancreatitis?

A

Epigastric pain, back pain (as it is retroperitoneal).

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8
Q

Where does pain present with gallstones?

A

Epigastric apin, right upper quadrant pain - colicky pain.

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9
Q

What are the causes of real colicky pain and how are they distinguishable?

A

Small bowel and large bowel. Small bowel pain is every 2-3 minutes, large bowel pain is every 10-15 minutes.

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10
Q

What is the presentation of small bowel obstruction?

A

Vomiting fairly early, abdominal distension and pain.

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11
Q

What is the X ray of small bowel obstruction like?

A

Central abdominal distended loops, circular folds extending width of bowel lumen.

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12
Q

What is a common cause of hindgut pain?

A

Sigmoid volvulus.

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13
Q

What is sigmoid volvulus?

A

The sigmoid twists on itself or its mesentery, there is bowel obstruction so absolute constipation and the blood supply is interrupted so tissue dies.

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14
Q

What is anorexia?

A

Loss of appetite.

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15
Q

What can cause anorexia?

A

Cancer, chemotherapy/ certain antibiotics, pregnancy, depression, endocrine disorders, psychological disorder, anger/ fear, anxiety.

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16
Q

What is important to clarify in a history with weight loss?

A

Whether it was intentional or unintentional.

17
Q

When does unintentional weight loss need investigation?

A

When it is more than 5% of total body weight.

18
Q

What is nausea?

A

Subjective sensation of the need to vomit.

19
Q

What are the common causes of nausea?

A

Food poisoning, gastroenteritis, cholecystitis, appendicitis, viral hepatitis, pancreatitis, intestinal blockage, pain.

20
Q

What is constipation classified as?

A

Less than three times a week depending on normal habits.

21
Q

What are the causes of constipation?

A

Diet, medication, dehydration, immobility, disease-neurological (stroke), functional.

22
Q

What is diarrhoea?

A

It varies from person to person, but is more stools or a change in consistency.

23
Q

What are the categories of diarrhoea?

A

Secretory, osmotic, abnormal intestinal motility, exudative, malabsorption.

24
Q

What causes secretory diarrhoea?

A

Infection.

25
Q

What causes osmotic diarrhoea?

A

Lactose intolerance.

26
Q

What causes abnormal intestinal motility diarrhoea?

A

Thyrotoxicosis, IBS.

27
Q

What causes exudative intestinal diarrhoea?

A

Colitis, cancer.

28
Q

What causes malabsorption diarrhoea?

A

Pancreatic enzyme or bile salt deficiency.

29
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing, can be solids or liquids.

30
Q

What is odynophagia?

A

Painful swallowing.

31
Q

What are the broad categories of dysphagia and their causes?

A

Difficulty initiating swallow from neurological causes, food sticking in oesophagus from anatomical problems.

32
Q

What can cause bleeding from the top of the GI tract?

A

Acute/chronic peptic ulcers, Mallory-Weiss teat, oesophageal/gastric varice, erosive oesophagitis, gastric/oesophageal cancer.

33
Q

What can cause bleeding from the bottom of the GI tract?

A

Angiodysplasia, diverticular disease, colonic carcinoma, haemorrhoids/ anal fissure, inflammatory bowel disease, massive upper GI bleed.

34
Q

What does a massive upper GI bleed cause?

A

Malaena.

35
Q

What can cause abdominal distension?

A

The 5 F’s: fat, fluid, faeces, flatus, foetus.

36
Q

What is fluid-ascites?

A

Abnormal amounts of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

37
Q

What can cause fluid-ascites?

A

Liver failure, portal hypertension, cancer.

38
Q

What can cause flatus?

A

Aerophagia - swallowing air, or gas production in the gut - especially with incomplete digestion.

13. Gastrointestinal (17 decks)

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