Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

13. Gastrointestinal > 1. Overview > Flashcards

1. Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of digestion?

A

To process food into a sterile, neutral, and isotonic solution of small sugars, amino acids and small peptides, small particles of lipids, and other small molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A

Protect mouth as wet, bacteriostatic, alkaline and high calcium. Lubricate food for mastication and swallowing as it is wet and has mucus. Starts digestion of sugars.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the functions of the oesophagus?

A

Swallowing of the bolus, rapid oesophageal transport to the stomach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

Storage, initial disruption of food, delivers chyme slowly into the duodenum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the stomach initially disrupt food?

A

It contracts rhythmically to mix and disrupt, secretes acid and proteolytic enzymes to break down tissues and disinfect. The endpoint is chyme.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the functions of the duodenum?

A

Dilution and neutralisation of chyme.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does the duodenum dilute and neutralise chyme?

A

Water drawn in from extracellular fluid, the duodenum is permeable to water. Alkali bile is added from liver to pancreas. Enzymes added from pancreas and intestine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine?

A

Absorption of nutrients and electrolytes, and absorbs the majority of water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does the small intestine absorb nutrients and electrolytes?

A

Fluid passes very slowly through the small intestine and it has a very large surface area. Epithelial cells absorb molecules, actively or passively and often coupled to Na+ movement. Then passes into hepatic portal circulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A

Final absorption of water during its very slow transit. Faeces forms and accumulates in the descending and sigmoid colon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the functions of the rectum?

A

Controlled relaxation of sphincters and expulsion of faeces as it is propelled periodically into rectum and there is an urge to defecate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the four layers of the alimentary canal?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa/ adventitia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the mucus layer of the alimentary canal?

A

Epithelial lining and thin layer of smooth muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the submucosa layer of the alimentary canal?

A

Fibroelastic tissue with vessels, nerves, leucocytes and fat cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What si the muscularis externa of the alimentary canal?

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle with the myenteric plexus lying in between the layers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the serosa/ adventitia of the alimentary canal?

A

Thin outer covering of connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How much food and liquid do we ingest in an average day?

A

1kg of food, and about a litre of liquids.

18
Q

What is food mixed with to form chyme?

A

1.5L of saliva, and about 2.5L of gastric secretions.

19
Q

What is added to chyme when it is released from the stomach?

A

About 9L of water from the extracellular fluid via osmosis.

20
Q

Where is fluid absorbed along the alimentary canal?

A

12.5L of fluid absorbed in the small intestine, 1.35L absorbed by the large intestine.

21
Q

What is the enteric nervous system made of?

A

Two nerve plexuses in the wall of the gut that may act independently of the CNS.

22
Q

How is the GI system controlled nervously?

A

Both branches of the ANS. Parasympathetic control is most significant as it coordinated secretion and motility using a range of neurotransmitters.

23
Q

What are the two structure groups of hormones in the gut?

A

Gastrin and secretin groups.

24
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty in swallowing. From problems with oesophagus - musculature, obstruction by tumour, neurological.

25
Q

What is acid reflux?

A

Sphincter between the oesophagus and stomach is weak so acid refluxed into the oesophagus and causes irritation.

26
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Metaplasia of the lower oesophageal squamous epithelium to gastric columnar to protect against acid reflux.

27
Q

What are oesophageal varices?

A

Portal venous system is overloaded due to cirrhosis, so blood is diverted to the oesophagus through connecting vessels. This leads to dilation of sub mucosal veins in the lower part of the oesophagus.

28
Q

What is peptic ulceration?

A

Area of damage to the inner mucosa of the stomach or duodenum, usually due to irritation from gastric acid.

29
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

Inflamed pancreas, causes considerable pain. Characterised by the release of amylases into the blood stream.

30
Q

What is jaundice?

A

The liver can’t excrete bilirubin, which accumulates in the blood. If build up of bilirubin is due to excess haemoglobin breakdown it is pre-hepativc jaundice. If build up of bilirubin is due to bile duct obstruction and back up of bile causing liver damage it is post hepatic or obstructive jaundice.

31
Q

What are gallstones?

A

Precipitations of bile acids and cholesterol in the bladder that form gall stones. Often asymptomatic, but may move within the gall bladder causing painful biliary colic, or move to obstruct biliary outflow.

32
Q

What is malabsorption?

A

Several conditions can affect how well the intestines can absorb things.

33
Q

What is appendicitis?

A

Inflammation fo the appendix, presents as a sharp pain in the side at the same level as T10, which then localises to the right lower quadrant.

34
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

Inflammation fo the peritoneum.

35
Q

What is inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.

36
Q

What is the presentation of acute blockage of small intestines?

A

Pain in the back, vomiting, and bloating.

37
Q

What are haemorrhoids?

A

Vascular structures in the anal canal that aid with stool control. When they become swollen and inflamed they are painful, itchy, and blood may be present in stool.

38
Q

What is a prolapse?

A

Falling out of place, organs fall down or slip out of place, e.g. rectum prolapse.

39
Q

What is diverticula?

A

Pressure too high in the colon, producing an abnormal outpouching to form a hollow. The sigmoid colon is the area most prone as the blood supply causes an area of weakness.

40
Q

What is Meckels’ diverticulum?

A

A pouch in the lower part of the small intestine, a vestigal remnant of the yolk sac. It can produce ectopic gastric mucosa that may then produce gastric acid, causing irritation.

41
Q

What is colo-rectal caner?

A

Cancer of the large intestine, very common site of malignancies and major cause of mortality.

13. Gastrointestinal (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions