Anatomy 2. Stomach

Question 1

What is the volume that the stomach can hold?

Answer 1

2-3 litres.

Question 2

What are the parts of the stomach?

Answer 2

Cardia, fundus, body, antrum, and pylorus.

Question 3

What are the two curvatures of the stomach?

Answer 3

Greater and lesser curvatures.

Question 4

Where is the oesophagogastric junction?

Answer 4

To the left of the T11 vertebra on the horizontal plane that passes through the tip of the xiphoid process.

Question 5

What is the Z-line?

Answer 5

When the mucosa abruptly changes from oesophageal to gastric.

Question 6

What forms the physiological sphincter of the stomach?

Answer 6

The diaphragmatic musculature that forms the oesophageal hiatus.

Question 7

How is reflux of stomach contents prevented?

Answer 7

The physiological sphincter formed of the diaphragmatic musculature, and the cardiac notch.

Question 8

What can chronic reflux lead to?

Answer 8

Metaplastic changes in the mucosa, Barrett’s oesophagus.

Question 9

What is the pyloric sphincter?

Answer 9

At the pyloric end of the stomach, the circular muscle coat is thickened.

Question 10

What does the pyloric sphincter do?

Answer 10

Controls the discharge of the stomach contents through the pyloric orifice into the duodenum.

Question 11

What are the stomach rugae?

Answer 11

Longitudinal folds of gastric mucosa.

Question 12

When does a gastric canal form?

Answer 12

Temporarily when the stomach is empty, between the gastric folds along the lesser curvature.

Question 13

What is the purpose of the gastric canal?

Answer 13

Allows saliva and other fluids to pass along the pylorus.

Question 14

What are the three histologically distinct zones of gastric mucosa?

Answer 14

Cardia, fundus and body, and pyloric.

Question 15

What is the histology of the cardia of the stomach?

Answer 15

Neck cells secreting mucus.

Question 16

What is the histology of the fundus and body of the stomach?

Answer 16

Neck cells secreting mucus, parietal cells secreting acid, chief cells secreting pepsinogen.

Question 17

What is the histology of the pyloris of the stomach?

Answer 17

Neck cells secreting mucus, and G-cells secreting gastrin.

Question 18

What do peptic ulcers most commonly occur?

Answer 18

In the antrum and along the lesser curvature of the stomach.

Question 19

What does perforation of peptic ulcers lead to?

Answer 19

Spillage of gastric contents into the peritoneal cavity, may affect abdominal structures like the pancreas and associated blood vessels close to the stomach.

Question 20

What is the greater omentum?

Answer 20

A prominent, four-layered peritoneal fold that hangs down like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach.

Question 21

How does the greater ometnum fold back/

Answer 21

It attaches to the anterior surface of the transverse colon and its mesentery.

Question 22

What is the lesser omentum?

Answer 22

A smaller, double-layered peritoneal fold that connect the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal part of the duodenum to the liver.

Question 23

What is the epiploic foramen?

Answer 23

An opening posterior to the free edge of the lesser omentum that allows the greater and lesser sacs to communicate.

Question 24

How can the epiploic foramen/ omental foramen be located?

Answer 24

By running a finger along the gall bladder to free the edge of the lesser omentum.

Question 25

Where does the coeliac trunk arise from?

Answer 25

The abdominal aorta.

Question 26

What does the coeliac trunk give rise to?

Answer 26

Left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries.

Question 27

What is the blood supply of the lesser curvature of the stomach?

Answer 27

The left gastric artery from the coeliac trunk and the right gastric from the common hepatic artery from the coeliac trunk.

Question 28

What is the blood supply of the greater curvature of the stomach?

Answer 28

The left gastro-omental artery from the splenic then coeliac trunk. Also the right gastro-omental artery from the gastroduodenal then common hepatic then coeliac trunk.

Question 29

What is the blood supply of the fundus and body of the stomach?

Answer 29

The posterior gastric/ small gastric artery, from the splenic then coeliac trunk.

Question 30

What course does the left gastric vein follow?

Answer 30

The course of the left gastric artery.

Question 31

What does the left gastric vein drain into?

Answer 31

The hepatic portal vein.

Question 32

What course does the right gastric vein follow?

Answer 32

The course of the right gastric artery.

Question 33

What does the right gastric vein drain into?

Answer 33

The hepatic portal vein.

Question 34

What course does the short gastric vein follow?

Answer 34

The course of the short gastric artery.

Question 35

What does the short gastric vein drain into?

Answer 35

The splenic vein, joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the hepatic portal vein.

Question 36

What course does the left gastro-omental follow?

Answer 36

The course of the left gastro-omental artery.

Question 37

What does the left gastro-omental vein drain into?

Answer 37

Into the splenic vein, which joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the hepatic portal vein.

Question 38

What course does the right gastro-omental follow?

Answer 38

The course of the right gastro-omental artery.

Question 39

What does the right gastro-omental vein drain into?

Answer 39

Into the superior mesenteric vein, which joins the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein.

Question 40

What can cause acute gastritis?

Answer 40

NSAIDS or alcohol.

Question 41

What is the basic pathology of acute gastritis?

Answer 41

Exfoliation of the surface epithelial cells and decreases secretion of protective mucus.

Question 42

What can cause chronic gastritis?

Answer 42

Infection with the bacteria Helicobacter Pylori.

Question 43

What is the basic pathology of chronic gastritis?

Answer 43

Inflammatory changes in the mucosa that results in atrophy and epithelial metaplasia.

Question 44

What can chronic gastritis develop into?

Answer 44

Carcinoma.