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MCAT Bio > Embryogenesis and Development > Flashcards

Embryogenesis and Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Acromosomal apparatus

A

Tube that extends to and penetrates the cell membrane from sperm

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2
Q

Cortical reaction

A

Release of calcium ions after penetration of sperm through cell membrane
Depolarize membrane of ovum to prevent fertilization of multiple sperm and increase metabolic rate of zygote
Create fertilization membrane

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3
Q

Dizygotic/fraternal twins

A

Fertilization of two different eggs from one ovulatory cycle by two different sperm
Separte placenta, chorion, and amnioni

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4
Q

Monozygotic/Identical twins

A

Single zygote splits into two

Chorion/amnion types

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5
Q

Cleavage

A

Zygote undergoes rapid mitotic cell division while moving to uterus for implantation

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6
Q

Zygote must be

A

Unicellular, after it is an embryo

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7
Q

Indeterminate cleavage

A

In cells that still develop into complete organisms (identical twins came from a indeterminately cleaved cell)

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8
Q

Determinate cleavage

A

Cell fate already determined, committed to differentiating into certain cell types

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9
Q

Morula

A

Solid mass of cells after after divisions

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10
Q

Blastulation

A

Forms a hollow ball of cells with a fluid-filled inner cavity called a blastocoel

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11
Q

Trophoblast

A

Surrounds blastocoel and gives rise to chorion and placenta

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12
Q

Inner cell mass

A

Of blastula, produdes into blastocoel and gives rise to organism

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13
Q

What does the embryo implant as?

A

Blastula

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14
Q

Chorion

A

Extraembryonic membrane that develops into the placenta

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15
Q

What does the umbilical cord contain?

A

Two arteries and one vein
Artery- deoxygenated blood
Vein- Oxygenated blood

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16
Q

Chorionic villi

A

Fingerlike projections that penetrate endometrium that support fetal gas exchange

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17
Q

Yolk sac

A

Early blood cell development

Supports embryo before placenta

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18
Q

Allantois

A

Early fluid exchange between embryo and yolk sac

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19
Q

Amnion

A

Surrounds allantois which is a membrane filled with amniotic fluid (shock absorber)

20
Q

Gastrulation

A

Generation of three distinct cell layers

21
Q

Archenteron

A

Membrane of invagination of gastrula that develops into the gut

22
Q

Blastopore

A

Opening of archenteron

23
Q

Deuterosomes

A

Humans, blastopore develops into anus

24
Q

Protosomes

A

Blastopore develops into mouth

25
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outermost layer

Epidermis, hiar, nails, epithelia, nervous system, inner ear

26
Q

Mesoderm

A

Musculoskeletal, circulatory, excretory, gonads

27
Q

Endoderm

A

Epithelial linings of digestive, respiratory tracts

Pancreas, thyroid, bladder, urinary, liver

28
Q

Where is the adrenal cortex derived from?

A

Mesoderm

29
Q

Where is adrenal medulla derived from?

A

Ectoderm

30
Q

Neurulation

A

Development of the nervous system after the germ layers are formed

31
Q

Notochord

A

Rod of mesoderm cells forms along the long axis of organism

32
Q

Neural folds

A

Notochord induces ectodermal cells to move in and produce a neural tube

33
Q

Neural crest cells

A

Migrate outward to form peripheral nervous system

34
Q

Teratogens

A

Substances that interfere with development causing defects or death- genetics changes effects

35
Q

Morphogens

A

Molecules that cause nearby cells to follow particular development

36
Q

Pluripotent

A

After formation of germ cell layers, still differentiate into any cell except those found in placental structures

37
Q

Multipotent

A

Most specialized stem cells

38
Q

Paracrine cells

A

Act on cells in a local area v. endocrine that travel

39
Q

Senescence

A

Biological aging

40
Q

What do telomeres have a high concentration of?

A

Guanine and cytosine

41
Q

Do maternal and fetal mix blood?

A

No

42
Q

Where is the higher partial pressure of oxygen, maternal or fetal blood?

A

Maternal

43
Q

What organs do not serve significant function prior to birth?

A

Lungs and liver, shunts blood away while these develop

44
Q

Foramen ovale

A

One-way valve taht conects right atrium to left atrium (higher pressure right side

45
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

Shunts leftover blood from pulmonary artery into aorta

46
Q

When are most organs formed?

A

In first trimester by the end of 8 weeks

MCAT Bio (4 decks)

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