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MCAT Bio > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Hematocrit

A

Measure of how much of the blood sample consists of rbc’s given as a percentage

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2
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells, less than 1% of total blood volume

Categorized into granulocytes and agranulocytes

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3
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Contain cytoplasmic granules that are toxic to invading microbes released during exocytosis

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4
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

No granules

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5
Q

Specific immune response

A

Targeted fight against particular pathogens like viruses and bacteria
Involves lymphocytes

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6
Q

Lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow?

A

B-cells

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7
Q

Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus?

A

T-cells

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8
Q

Which cells are responsible for anitbody generation?

A

B-cells

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9
Q

Which cells kill virally infected cells and activate other immune responses

A

T-cells

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10
Q

Macrophage

A

A monocyte that has entered an organ to phagocytize foreign matter

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11
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Phagocytize foreign material in skin (macrophage)

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12
Q

Microglia

A

Phagocytize foreign material in nervous (macrophage)

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13
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Phagocytize foreign material in bone (macrophage)

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14
Q

Platelets/Thrombocytes

A

Cell fragments from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow that assist in blood clotting

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15
Q

Where is erythropoietin secreted?

A

Kidney

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16
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

Secreted by liver and kidney

Stimulates platelet development

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17
Q

Universal blood donor type

A

Type O because they don’t express either type of the antigens so that they won’t cause a hemolytic event

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18
Q

Universal blood acceptor type

A

AB because they can accept any type of antigen with no adverse affects
Only red blood cell antigens considered, not plasma

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19
Q

Why do individuals that don’t have an allele for a type of blood already have anti-antigens for that blood type?

A

E.coli in gut by produces A and B proteins that would allow one to develop anti antigens

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20
Q

What kind of antibodies would a type O blood make?

A

Type A and B anti-bodies

Can only receive type O blood

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21
Q

Rh factor

A

Refers presence or absence of a specific allele called D

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22
Q

Rh positivity is what kind of inheritance

A

Autosomal dominance, one positive allele is enough for protein to be expressed

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23
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A

IgG antibodies can cross the placenta and negative Rh antibodies can kill second child from mother’s negative Rh factor antibodies

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24
Q

Innate/nonspecific immunity

A

Always active against infection but cannot target specific invaders from others

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25
Adaptive/specific immunity
Target specific pathogens and retains memory
26
Innate immunity cells
Dendritic cells Macrophages Monocytes/Macrophages (from blood) Neutrophils (from blood)
27
Adaptive immunity
B-cells-secrete anti-bodies T-cells-Recognize antigens, help activate B-cells or attack Spawn memory cells
28
Spleen
Storage and activation of B-cells that turn into plasma cells to produce antibodies
29
Humoral immunity
B-cells/plasma cells and antibodies they produce
30
T cells
mature in thymus
31
Which cells are agents of cell-mediated immunity
T-cells because they coordinate the immune system and directly kill virally infected cells
32
Lymph nodes
Where B-cells are activated | Place for immune system to interact and mount an attack
33
Other immune tissues
``` GALT/gut-associated lymphoid tissue tonsils Adenoids Peyer's patches (small intestine) Appendix -lymphoid aggregates ```
34
What stem cells give rise to blood cells?
Hematopoietic stem cells
35
Lymphocyte
Agranulocyte | Antibody production, immune system modulation, targeted killing of infected cells
36
Monocytes
Agranulocyte | Phagocytic in the blood stream
37
Defensins
Antibacterial enzymes in the skin
38
Lysozyme
Nonspecific bacterial enzyme in tears and saliva
39
Complement system
Proteins in blood that act as a nonspecific defense against bacteria Activated through classical pathway (antibodies) or alernative pathway (no anitbodies) Punch holes in cell walls of bacteria
40
Interferons
``` Proteins that prevent viral replication and dispersion Upregulate MHC class I and class II to increase antigen presentation better detection of infected cells by immune system ```
41
What are non-cellular nonspecific defenses?
GI tract, complement, interferons
42
Macrophage
Phagocytizes invader by endocytosis DIgest invader using enzymes Presents invader piece using MHC Release cytokines
43
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Binds to antigens and caries them to cell surfacr to be recognized
44
Cytokines
Released from macrophages to stimulate inflammation and recruit additional immune cells
45
MHC class I
On all nucleated cells
46
Endogenous pathway
MHC-I pathway that binds to antigens from inside the cells ( such as viruses)
47
MHC class II
Displayed by antigen presenting cells like macrophages
48
Exogenous pathway
MHC class II because it antigens originate outside the cell because it picks up antigens from other cells outside of it to act as a defense against others
49
Professional antigen presenting
Macrophages, dendritic cells, some B-ells, activated epithelial cells
50
Pattern like receptors (toll like receptors)
In macrophages and dendritic cells, can categorize the type of invader and send appropriate cytokines
51
Natural killer cells (NK cells)
Can detect downregulation of MHC and induce apoptosis in virally infected cells (cancer also)
52
Granulocytes
neutrophils,eosinophils and basophils involved in non-specific defense
53
Neutrophils
Phagocytic, target bacteria and follow bacteria using chemotaxis Detect bacteria that have been opsonized (marked with an antibody)
54
Pus
Dead neutrophils
55
Eosinophils
Allergic reactions and invasive parasitic infections Release histamine Inflammation response that includes vasodilation and leakiness of blood vessels
56
Basophils
Allergic responses
57
Mast cells
Like basophils of tissues, mucosa, and epithelium
58
Innate immunity cells
Macrophages,mast cells,granulocytes, dendritic cells,natural killer cells
59
Degranulation
Exocytosis of granule contents when an anitgen binds to an antibody on a surface of a mast cells so histamine can be released
60
Which region of antibodies are recognized to create cascades by natural killer cells, macrophages, eosinophils, monocytes?
Constant region (domain)
61
What do B-cells proliferate into ?
Plasma cells and memory B-cells
62
Plasma cells
Release antibodies
63
Memory B-cells
Stay in lymph nodes and await reexposure to the same antigen
64
Positive selection
T cells, Refers to maturing only cells that can respond to the presentation of antigen on MHC, (all else undergo apoptosis)
65
Negative selection
T cells, Causing of apoptosis in cells that are self-reactive
66
Types of T-cells
Helper T cells/CD4+ T-cells Suppressor T cells Killer/cytotoxic T cells
67
Helper/CD4+ T cells
Secrete lymphokines to recruit other immune cells like plasma cells, cytotoxic T cells, macrophages Respond to MHCII
68
MHC-1
Viral infections
69
HIV
Loss of helper T cells
70
Cytoxic T-cells/CD8+ T cells
Respond to MHCI and directly kills viral infected cells by injecting apoptosis chemicals
71
Suppressor/Regulator T cells
Tone down immune response once infection is contained
72
Self-tolerance
suppressor T cells turn off self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent auto-immune diseases
73
Memory T cells
Wait for next invasion of next antigen
74
Self-antigen
Proteins and carbs present on surface of every cells of body that they are non-threatening
75
Autoimmunity
Self-antigens are falsely recognized
76
Active immunity
Immune system is stimulated to produce antibodesi against a specific pathogen
77
Passive immunity
Transfer of antibodies to an invdividual Transient bc only have antibodies Placenta transfer of antibodies, given rabies antibodies
78
Low albumin concentration would cause?
Less oncotic pressure causing edema bc not enough pulling fluid back in
79
Clonal selection
When adaptive immunity encounters an antigen, only cells with receptors specific to that antigen are activated

MCAT Bio (4 decks)

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