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MCAT Bio > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hematocrit

A

Measure of how much of the blood sample consists of rbc’s given as a percentage

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2
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells, less than 1% of total blood volume

Categorized into granulocytes and agranulocytes

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3
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Contain cytoplasmic granules that are toxic to invading microbes released during exocytosis

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4
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

No granules

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5
Q

Specific immune response

A

Targeted fight against particular pathogens like viruses and bacteria
Involves lymphocytes

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6
Q

Lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow?

A

B-cells

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7
Q

Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus?

A

T-cells

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8
Q

Which cells are responsible for anitbody generation?

A

B-cells

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9
Q

Which cells kill virally infected cells and activate other immune responses

A

T-cells

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10
Q

Macrophage

A

A monocyte that has entered an organ to phagocytize foreign matter

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11
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Phagocytize foreign material in skin (macrophage)

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12
Q

Microglia

A

Phagocytize foreign material in nervous (macrophage)

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13
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Phagocytize foreign material in bone (macrophage)

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14
Q

Platelets/Thrombocytes

A

Cell fragments from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow that assist in blood clotting

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15
Q

Where is erythropoietin secreted?

A

Kidney

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16
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

Secreted by liver and kidney

Stimulates platelet development

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17
Q

Universal blood donor type

A

Type O because they don’t express either type of the antigens so that they won’t cause a hemolytic event

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18
Q

Universal blood acceptor type

A

AB because they can accept any type of antigen with no adverse affects
Only red blood cell antigens considered, not plasma

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19
Q

Why do individuals that don’t have an allele for a type of blood already have anti-antigens for that blood type?

A

E.coli in gut by produces A and B proteins that would allow one to develop anti antigens

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20
Q

What kind of antibodies would a type O blood make?

A

Type A and B anti-bodies

Can only receive type O blood

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21
Q

Rh factor

A

Refers presence or absence of a specific allele called D

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22
Q

Rh positivity is what kind of inheritance

A

Autosomal dominance, one positive allele is enough for protein to be expressed

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23
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A

IgG antibodies can cross the placenta and negative Rh antibodies can kill second child from mother’s negative Rh factor antibodies

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24
Q

Innate/nonspecific immunity

A

Always active against infection but cannot target specific invaders from others

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25
Q

Adaptive/specific immunity

A

Target specific pathogens and retains memory

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26
Q

Innate immunity cells

A

Dendritic cells
Macrophages
Monocytes/Macrophages (from blood)
Neutrophils (from blood)

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27
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

B-cells-secrete anti-bodies
T-cells-Recognize antigens, help activate B-cells or attack
Spawn memory cells

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28
Q

Spleen

A

Storage and activation of B-cells that turn into plasma cells to produce antibodies

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29
Q

Humoral immunity

A

B-cells/plasma cells and antibodies they produce

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30
Q

T cells

A

mature in thymus

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31
Q

Which cells are agents of cell-mediated immunity

A

T-cells because they coordinate the immune system and directly kill virally infected cells

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32
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Where B-cells are activated

Place for immune system to interact and mount an attack

33
Q

Other immune tissues

A 
GALT/gut-associated lymphoid tissue
tonsils
Adenoids
Peyer's patches (small intestine)
Appendix -lymphoid aggregates
34
Q

What stem cells give rise to blood cells?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

35
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Agranulocyte

Antibody production, immune system modulation, targeted killing of infected cells

36
Q

Monocytes

A

Agranulocyte

Phagocytic in the blood stream

37
Q

Defensins

A

Antibacterial enzymes in the skin

38
Q

Lysozyme

A

Nonspecific bacterial enzyme in tears and saliva

39
Q

Complement system

A

Proteins in blood that act as a nonspecific defense against bacteria
Activated through classical pathway (antibodies) or alernative pathway (no anitbodies)
Punch holes in cell walls of bacteria

40
Q

Interferons

A 
Proteins that prevent viral replication and dispersion 
Upregulate MHC class I and class II to increase antigen presentation better detection of infected cells by immune system
41
Q

What are non-cellular nonspecific defenses?

A

GI tract, complement, interferons

42
Q

Macrophage

A

Phagocytizes invader by endocytosis
DIgest invader using enzymes
Presents invader piece using MHC
Release cytokines

43
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

Binds to antigens and caries them to cell surfacr to be recognized

44
Q

Cytokines

A

Released from macrophages to stimulate inflammation and recruit additional immune cells

45
Q

MHC class I

A

On all nucleated cells

46
Q

Endogenous pathway

A

MHC-I pathway that binds to antigens from inside the cells ( such as viruses)

47
Q

MHC class II

A

Displayed by antigen presenting cells like macrophages

48
Q

Exogenous pathway

A

MHC class II because it antigens originate outside the cell because it picks up antigens from other cells outside of it to act as a defense against others

49
Q

Professional antigen presenting

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, some B-ells, activated epithelial cells

50
Q

Pattern like receptors (toll like receptors)

A

In macrophages and dendritic cells, can categorize the type of invader and send appropriate cytokines

51
Q

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

A

Can detect downregulation of MHC and induce apoptosis in virally infected cells (cancer also)

52
Q

Granulocytes

A

neutrophils,eosinophils and basophils involved in non-specific defense

53
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytic, target bacteria and follow bacteria using chemotaxis
Detect bacteria that have been opsonized (marked with an antibody)

54
Q

Pus

A

Dead neutrophils

55
Q

Eosinophils

A

Allergic reactions and invasive parasitic infections
Release histamine
Inflammation response that includes vasodilation and leakiness of blood vessels

56
Q

Basophils

A

Allergic responses

57
Q

Mast cells

A

Like basophils of tissues, mucosa, and epithelium

58
Q

Innate immunity cells

A

Macrophages,mast cells,granulocytes, dendritic cells,natural killer cells

59
Q

Degranulation

A

Exocytosis of granule contents when an anitgen binds to an antibody on a surface of a mast cells so histamine can be released

60
Q

Which region of antibodies are recognized to create cascades by natural killer cells, macrophages, eosinophils, monocytes?

A

Constant region (domain)

61
Q

What do B-cells proliferate into ?

A

Plasma cells and memory B-cells

62
Q

Plasma cells

A

Release antibodies

63
Q

Memory B-cells

A

Stay in lymph nodes and await reexposure to the same antigen

64
Q

Positive selection

A

T cells, Refers to maturing only cells that can respond to the presentation of antigen on MHC, (all else undergo apoptosis)

65
Q

Negative selection

A

T cells, Causing of apoptosis in cells that are self-reactive

66
Q

Types of T-cells

A

Helper T cells/CD4+ T-cells
Suppressor T cells
Killer/cytotoxic T cells

67
Q

Helper/CD4+ T cells

A

Secrete lymphokines to recruit other immune cells like plasma cells, cytotoxic T cells, macrophages

Respond to MHCII

68
Q

MHC-1

A

Viral infections

69
Q

HIV

A

Loss of helper T cells

70
Q

Cytoxic T-cells/CD8+ T cells

A

Respond to MHCI and directly kills viral infected cells by injecting apoptosis chemicals

71
Q

Suppressor/Regulator T cells

A

Tone down immune response once infection is contained

72
Q

Self-tolerance

A

suppressor T cells turn off self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent auto-immune diseases

73
Q

Memory T cells

A

Wait for next invasion of next antigen

74
Q

Self-antigen

A

Proteins and carbs present on surface of every cells of body that they are non-threatening

75
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Self-antigens are falsely recognized

76
Q

Active immunity

A

Immune system is stimulated to produce antibodesi against a specific pathogen

77
Q

Passive immunity

A

Transfer of antibodies to an invdividual
Transient bc only have antibodies
Placenta transfer of antibodies, given rabies antibodies

78
Q

Low albumin concentration would cause?

A

Less oncotic pressure causing edema bc not enough pulling fluid back in

79
Q

Clonal selection

A

When adaptive immunity encounters an antigen, only cells with receptors specific to that antigen are activated

MCAT Bio (4 decks)

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