Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 5 Pathology - Week 1 > Embolism > Flashcards

Embolism Flashcards

1
Q

consquences of embolism

A

Death
Recurrence of embolism
Poooling of blood in legs causing ulcer, pain etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What factors in the blood can increase the chances of thromboembolism?

A

Viscosity

  • haemtocrit
  • protein count

Platelet count

Coagulation system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do you describe the increased tendency to have a thrombosis?

A

Thrombophilia

  • they might lack antithrombin
    or they might have more procoagulative factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is protein C?

A

Protein C is an anticoagulative protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which factors can especially promote coagulability if elevated?

A

Elevated factor 8

Elevated factor 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Having protein S, protein C, factor 5 leiden deficiency etc increases the chance of embolism, but the curve is so steep there must be other precipitative factors. Name some of these

A

Surgery
Pill
Pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The vessel wall is normally _________. Explain how.

A 
Heparins
Protein C receptor
Thrombomodulin
Nitric oxide
TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The vessel wall is normally _________. Explain how.

A

Anticoagulant

HeparAns
Protein C receptor
Thrombomodulin
Nitric oxide
TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List some things causing vessel wall injury

A

Infection
Malignancy
Surgery

Inflammation and injury make you prone to having blood clots.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is NETosis?

A

Neutrophils undergo NETosis - a spillage of their DNA

This is prothrombotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anticoagulant drugs

A

Immediate therapy - herapin e.g. apixaban or rivaroxaban

Direct acting anti-Xa or anti 2a

Delayed - vit K antagonists e.g. warfarin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

????????

A

Polycythemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does heparin work?

A

Heparin activates antithrombin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Anticoagulant drug CLASSIFICATION

A

Immediate therapy - herapin e.g. apixaban or rivaroxaban

Direct acting anti-Xa or anti 2a

Delayed - vit K antagonists e.g. warfarin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the difference between heparin and warfarin?

A

Heparin - SUDDEN

Warfarin - only works after a few days as it is indirect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a key side effect of heparin?

A

Can cause osteoporosis

Renal

17
Q

treatment?

A

IV unfractionated herparin
LMWH SC
Pentasaccharide SC - five sugar sequence that worked but it’s too expersneive

18
Q

Why don’t we just give anticoagulants to everyone?

A

Because it also increases the risk of bleeding.

19
Q

The higher the INR, the worse the _____?

A

risk of bleeding

20
Q

Anti coag therapy

A

Prevent
Treat
Prevent further risk

21
Q

Who is at increased risk of thrombosis?

A 
Inpatients - immobility, inflammation, age
Pt with cancer 
Surgical patietns
Previous VTE, FH, genes
OBese
Elderly
22
Q

What do we use to PREVENT thrombosis?

Thromboprophylaxis

A

LMWH at low doses e.g. Enoxaparin 40mg od
Tinxaparin 4500i

TED stockings
maybe DOACs and aspirin in orthopedic patietns

23
Q

All patients who come in must be assessed for thromboprophylactic anda whether it is safe to give it to them. What do you look for?

A

Patient factors

Procedural factors (see lecture slide)

24
Q

What do we use to TREAT thormbosis?

A

Therapeutic doses of LMWH or DOAC

25
Q

How do you prevent recurrence?

A

Weigh up the risk of recurrence with the risk of therapy (bleeding)

Then you can give them:

Vitamin K antagonists (warfarin)
DOACs

doacs - half the risk of intracranial bleeding?

26
Q

Risk of recurrence increases if?

A

If there was no precipitating cause for the DVT i.e. if it was idiopathic thrombosis, there is a high risk of recurrence as there are no risk factors you can remove e.g. if the pill was the causative factor, you can remove the pill, but if the cause was a long walk, you can’t remove a RF.

27
Q

When is aspirin used?

A 
Arterial embolisms (not v good for venous)
or after orthopedic surgery
28
Q

Distal DVT

A

Below the popliteal vein - less likely of recurrence

29
Q

Proximal DVT

A

Above popliteal vein

30
Q

Post surgery DVT, do you need long term anticoag?

A

No

31
Q

Idiopathic DVT

A

Yes - give DOAC

32
Q

After minor precipitants e.g. COCP, flights, trauma

A

3 months anti coag

Year 5 Pathology - Week 1 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions