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Peds > EM > Flashcards

EM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first priority for any unresponsive child brought to the ED?

A

ABCs- Establish an airway

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2
Q

Have a child who has ingested an unknown substance and is unresponsive…what is the first thing you do?

A

Establish an airway/Stabilize patient

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3
Q

What is the equation for ET tube size?

A

Age/4 + 4

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4
Q

What size ET tube for a 4 year old?

A

5

4/4 + 4

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5
Q

What are 4 things to consider if an intubated patient has sudden deterioration?

A 
DOPE
D: Displacement of ETT
O: Obstruction of ETT
P: Pneumothorax
E: Equipment failure
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6
Q

What is the formula used to calculate tidal volume on a vent?

A

7mL/kg

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7
Q

Name 4 medications which can be given via ETT?

A
  1. Lidocaine
  2. Atropine
  3. Narcan
  4. Epinephrine
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8
Q

When is atropine indicated?

A

Bradycarida (not asystole)

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9
Q

What can happen if a patient with bradycardia is given too low of a dose of atropine?

A

Bradycardia can worsen

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10
Q

What temperature correlates with invasive bacterial infection?

A

> 41C (105.8F)

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11
Q

True or False: Consistently using the same method (oral, axillay, tympanic, ect.) to take the temperature is more important than the actual method used

A

True- Easier to monitor for change

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12
Q

True or False Tactile temperature noted by parents does correlate with actual temperautr

A

False- This is not considered to be reliable

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13
Q

What is done for fever in infants younger than 1 month?

A
  1. Septic workup (CBCdiff, BC, LP, UC, CXR if resp symptoms)

2. Empiric IV antibiotics pending culture results

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14
Q

What should be done for infants between 1-2 months with a fever?

A

They need a workup, but not necessarily inpatient care/empiric antibiotics if initial studies are reassuring

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15
Q

What should be done for children 3-36 months with a fever?

A

Clinical judgment

*Watch out for presentation of a kid who wasn’t immunized against pneumococcal disease- may need workup for occult bacteremia.

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16
Q

What is important to note in medical history for kids presenting with fever?

A

Things like sickle cell or other immunocompromised status

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17
Q

What do you need to consider checking in an infant/toddler girl with a high fever without a source?

A

UTI

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18
Q

What type of children who are 5 years old are in the most need of antipyretics when they get a fever?

A

Children with CHF (reduce O2 demand and subsequent CO demand)

*Don’t be fooled by febrile seizures…at 5 they are out of age of risk

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19
Q

Which bite is worse and why…cat or dog?

A

Cat- They bite deeply and make puncture wounds

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20
Q

What is the most important first step for a dog/cat bite?

A

Wound cleaning via high pressure irrigation

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21
Q

When are antibiotics indicated for bites?

A
  1. Not clean
  2. Cats/Dogs/Humans
  3. Crush injuries
  4. Cartilage involvement
  5. Cuticles (hands/feet)
  6. Compromised (immunocompromised)
  7. Cute faces (on face)
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22
Q

What antibiotic can be given for a bite to someone who is penicillin allergic?

A

Clinda + Bactrim

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23
Q

What locations of bites are antibiotics especially indicated for?

A

Hands/Feet/Face

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24
Q

True or False: Bites and other wounds with high infection risk (human/cat bites) shouldn’t be sutured

A

True

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25
Q

What antibiotic do you give for cat/dog bites and why?

A

Augmentin- Covers against S. Aureus and P. Multocida

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26
Q

What do human bites look like?

A

Half-moon shaped

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27
Q

What do dog bites look like?

A

Tears

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28
Q

What do cat bites look like?

A

Punctures

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29
Q

What two types of bites have an especially high risk of infection?

A

Cat/Human

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30
Q

What should you consider for a child with a human bite?

A

Child abuse/Transmission of infections (HIV/Hep B)

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31
Q

What bacteria do you need to cover for with a human bite?

A
  1. Viridans strep
  2. S. Aureus
  3. Anaerobes
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32
Q

What is Loxosceles Reclusa?

A

Brown recluse spider

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33
Q

How does a brown recluse bite present?

A

Target lesion: Red circle surrounding a white ring (different from target lesion with Lyme)

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34
Q

How quickly does the target lesion from a brown recluse bite present?

A

Within hours (Lyme is within weeks)

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35
Q

Which spider bite is more likely to become necrotic…brown recluse or black widow?

A

Brown recluse

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36
Q

True or False: Brown recluse bites can have systemic symptoms

A

True, but bites are typically a self-limited local painful lesion that requires no additional treatment

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37
Q

What is the Latrodectus Mactans?

A

Black widow

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38
Q

How does a black widow bite look?

A

Puncture wound that is barely noticeable

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39
Q

What types of symptoms can be seen with a black widow bite?

A

Systemic: Muscle aches (abdomen, lower back, chest, extremities), HTN

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40
Q

How long does it take for systemic symptoms to appear after a black widow bite?

A

Can present within 8 hours

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41
Q

What is treatment for a black widow bite?

A

Local wound care and pain control

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42
Q

What can be given for severe muscle spams with a black widow bite?

A

Parenteral benzos

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43
Q

What vaccine may need to be given for a black widow bite?

A

Tatanus

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44
Q

When is antivenom given for a black widow bite?

A

Only as a secondary option:

  1. If supportive measures don’t work
  2. Small children
  3. Severe symptoms
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45
Q

True or False: Wound excision, steroids, hyperbaric chambers, or dapsone can be used to help with black widow spider bites

A

False

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46
Q

What description of snake would make you think it was venomous?

A

Triagnular head + Fangs

or a rattlesnake

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47
Q

Would a snake with a round head be likely to be venomous?

A

No

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48
Q

What is one snake with a round head that is venomous?

A

Red/Yellow… Red on Yellow, Kill a Fellow

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49
Q

If you have a child with a bite and they describe fang marks, what should you assume?

A

Likely a venomous snake bite

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50
Q

Name some initial signs of a venomous snake bite

A
  1. Local erythema/swelling
  2. Enlarged lymph nodes
  3. Bullae
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51
Q

If you have a wound from a likely non-venomous snake, what do you do?

A
  1. Wound cleaning

2. Verify tetanus status

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52
Q

if you have a wound from a venomous snake, what is the first thing you do?

A

ABCs

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53
Q

After you do ABCs with a venomous snake bite, what should you do?

A
  1. Immobilize limb
  2. Let limb hand at patient’s side
  3. Make sure to transport to an appropriate facility
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54
Q

True or False: You should not apply a tourniquet, apply ice, or suck venom from a snake bite wound

A

True

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55
Q

What is an early sign of shock?

A

Delayed capillary refill

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56
Q

When does decreased BP occur in shock?

A

Late

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57
Q

When should an IO be placed in the setting of shock?

A

After 3 attempts at IV access or 90 seconds

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58
Q

True or False: Most resuscitation meds/blood products can be administered through an IO line

A

True

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59
Q

What sign/symptoms should make you think of closed-head trauma?

A
  1. Hemotympanum
  2. Facial ecchymoses
  3. Raccoon eyes
  4. Postauricular bruising
  5. Clear discharge from nose/ears
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60
Q

True or False: The clinical impact of increased ICP can be gradual

A

True

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61
Q

True or False: With ICP papilledema is often absent initially

A

True

62
Q

How does a subdural hematoma present?

A

Gradual/non-specific

  1. Infants: Irritability
  2. Older Children: Headache, vomiting, drowsiness
63
Q

What type of head association is seen in “Shaken Baby Syndrome”?

A
  1. Subdural (not epidural) hematoma
  2. Retinal hemorrhages
  3. Bulging fontanelle
64
Q

How is subdural hematoma diagnosed?

A

CT (first and second hours are critical)

65
Q

What can cause electrolyte abnormalities in a child with severe head injury like a subdural hematoma?

A

SIADH

66
Q

What should you think of in a child with a recent head injury and abnormal electroyltes/urine osmolality values?

A

SIADH

67
Q

What are the two most common causes of shock in infants/children?

A
  1. Sepsis

2. Hypovolemia

68
Q

How does shock in an infant present?

A

Tachycardia and poor perfusion

69
Q

In children with shock who have a history of persistent vomiting, diarrhea, or obvious blood loss, what should you think?

A

Hypovolemia

70
Q

In children with shock who are ill appearing with fever, what should you think?

A

Sepsis

71
Q

How is shock initially treated?

A

Fluids

72
Q

Which type of shock responds better to fluids?

A

Hypovolemia

73
Q

If you have persistent shock after fluids, what may you need to give?

A

Pressors: Dopamine/epinephrine

74
Q

Child with head trauma (hit with baseball/bat), followed by loss of consciousness, then a lucid period, then deteriorates?

A

Epidural Hematoma

75
Q

What findings on LP are associated with an epidural hematoma?

A

Bloody atraumatic LP (atraumatic tap with lots of RBCs)

76
Q

What 2 things are associated with a bloody atraumatic LP?

A
  1. Epidural hematoma

2. Herpes

77
Q

What is required for an epidural hematoma?

A

Surgical intervention

78
Q

What should you consider for any child with inexplicable mental status change?

A

Retinal hemorrhages (even without history or external signs of head trauma)

79
Q

Toddler who is afebrile and irritable, +/- bruises…?

A

Non-accidental trauma

80
Q

What should you do if you have concern for abuse?

A
  1. Obtain head CT
  2. Ophthalmologic exam (retinal hemorrhages)
  3. Skeletal survey
81
Q

What is the most highly predictive historical feature for abuse in head trauma?

A

Having no history of trauma

82
Q

What are things which might make you think about NAT?

A
  1. Changes in history
  2. Delay in seeking care
  3. Blaming injury on a sibling
83
Q

What is MRI useful for in head trauma?

A

Determining age, cause, and extend of head bleeds (not helpful in emergency settings where immediate diagnosis is needed)

84
Q

What imaging modality is helpful in the emergency setting to diagnose head trauma (bleed)?

A

CT (not MRI)

85
Q

True or False: The presence of absence of physical signs is never the sole deciding factor in deciding whether to obtain a head CT scan following trauma?

A

True

86
Q

What 5 things is a head CT indicated for?

A
  1. Prolonged LOC
  2. Protracted vomiting
  3. Progressing headaches
  4. Retrograde amnesia
  5. Lethargy
87
Q

When presented with a child in whom a skull fracture or head bleed is suspected, what is the first step you should take?

A

ABCs

88
Q

What is the most common type of pediatric skull fracture?

A

Linear

89
Q

True or False: Linear skull fractures are often accidental

A

True

90
Q

Where do linear skull fractures occur?

A

At the site of impact

91
Q

Do linear skull fractures cross suture lines?

A

No

92
Q

Are linear skull fractures usually single or multiple?

A

Single

93
Q

What two appearances of skull fracture should make you suspect child abuse?

A
  1. Multiple fractures

2. Fracture with a cracked egg appearance

94
Q

Bleeding from ear (hemotympanum), hearing loss, facial paralysis, CSF otorrhea…?

A

Temporal Bone Fracture

95
Q

Clear rhinorrhea, Battle sign, Raccoon eyes…?

A

Basilar Skull Fracture

96
Q

If a child has a clear runny nose after a head injury, what should you consider?

A

CSF rhinorrhea, Basilar skull fracture

97
Q

What is Battle’s Sign?

A

Ecchymosis behind the ear (Basilar Skull Fracture)

98
Q

What are Raccoon eyes?

A

Periorbital ecchhymosis (Basilar Skull Fracture)

99
Q

What imaging do you get if you suspect a basilar skull fracture?

A

CT (not XR)

100
Q

What two cranial nerve palsies can be seen in a Basilar Skull Fracture?

A

6 (abducens) and 7 (facial)

101
Q

Name 3 methods to reduce ICP

A
  1. Mannitol
  2. Lasix
  3. Hyperventilation
102
Q

What is the range for the Glasgow coma scale?

A

3-15

103
Q

A Glasgow score under what is considered a severe coma and indication to intubate?

A

8

104
Q

In a head injury causing coma, what 2 things is prognosis inversely related to?

A
  1. Index (number score)

2. Length of time of coma

105
Q

What are 3 poor prognostic signs in terms of a coma from head trauma?

A
  1. Cerebral bleeding
  2. Brain edema
  3. Coma lasting >6 hours
106
Q

True or False: The Glasgow Coma Scale is useful for assessing metabolic coma?

A

False- only useful for head trauma

107
Q

List 3 categories for Glasgow Coma Scale

A
  1. Eye opening
  2. Verbal
  3. Motor
108
Q

What is the scoring for eye opening in Glasgow Coma Scale for adults and children?

A

1- No response
2- To pain
3- To voice
4- Spontaneous

109
Q

What is the scoring for eye opening in Glasgow Coma Scale for infants?

A

1- No response
2- To pain
3- To voice
4- Spontaneous

110
Q

What is the scoring for verbal in Glasgow Coma Scale for infants?

A 
1- No response
2- Moans to pain
3- Cries to pain
4- Irritable
5- Coos, babbles
111
Q

What is the scoring for verbal in Glasgow Coma Scale for adults and children?

A 
1- No response
2- Incomprehensible
3- Inappropriate words
4- Disoriented
5- Conversation
112
Q

What is the scoring for motor in Glasgow Coma Scale for adults and children?

A 
1- No response
2- Decerebrate posturing
3- Decorticate posturing
4- Withdraws to pain
5- Localizes pain
6- Obeys commands
113
Q

What is the scoring for motor in Glasgow Coma Scale for infants?

A 
1- No response
2- Decerebrate posturing
3- Decorticate posturing
4- Withdraws to pain
5- Withdraws to touch
6- Normal spontaneous
114
Q

Swelling of the nasal septum with any degree of obstruction… what do you do?

A

Immediate ENT consult for drainage

115
Q

What can happen if there is injury to the nasal septum and nothing is done?

A

Significant cartilage damage with saddle nose deformity

116
Q

True or False: Lesions of child abuse are rarely symmetrical

A

True

117
Q

Name 5 conditions which can cause fracture and be mistaken for abuse

A
  1. Osteogenesis imperfecta
  2. Hypophosphatasia
  3. Infantile cortical hyperostosis
  4. Pathologic fractures
  5. Osteoid osteoma
118
Q

What is the most common form of abuse?

A

Neglect

119
Q

True or False: Fractures occur in a small number of cases of abuse

A

True

120
Q

Name 8 fractures which are most likely due to abuse

A
  1. Bucket handle fractures
  2. Corner fractures (due to pulling an extremity)
  3. Spiral fractures in infants
  4. Rib fractures
  5. Multiple skull fractures
  6. Spinous process fractures
  7. Scapular fractures
  8. Sternum fractures
121
Q

Name 3 fractures that are often times accidental

A
  1. Non-displaced linear skull fracture in infant
  2. Clavicular fractures
  3. Supracondylar elbow fractures
  4. Buckle fractures
122
Q

Which type of fracture is more often associated with abuse… buckle fractures or bucket handle fractures?

A

Bucket handle fractures

Buckle fractures aren’t associated with child abuse

123
Q

What are two skin lesions that can mimic abuse?

A
  1. Mongolian spots

2. HSP

124
Q

In a skin lesion, what feature of color usually indicates abuse?

A

Variation in color

Could be a coagulopathy though so check PT/PTT

125
Q

True or False: Cupping/coining of the back are not technically abuse

A

True- watch for children from Asian culutes (Vietnam or Cambodia)

126
Q

What children are at a higher risk for physical abuse?

A

Children with disabilities

127
Q

True or False: Dating bruises by colors is reliable

A

False

128
Q

What syndrome could be misdiagnosed as a burn?

A

SJS

129
Q

How can you tell SJS from burn?

A

Distribution- SJS is around the mouth (erythema multiORALforme)

130
Q

A toddler who was swung by the arms will most likely have what injury?

A

Subluxation of radial head (Nursemaid’s elbow)

Rather than fracture

131
Q

What are two things to consider with periorbital ecchymosis?

A
  1. Neuroblastoma

2. Abuse

132
Q

Most injuries involving exposure to household electrical current involve only what?

A

Skin

133
Q

What is it called when an electrical current courses through the body?

A

Arc exposure

134
Q

What can result in deep tissue burns and internal organ involvement sometimes with only minimal visible injury?

A

Arc exposure

135
Q

What 3 things can an arc exposure lead to?

A
  1. Arrhythmias
  2. Rhabdomyolysis
  3. Renal failure
136
Q

What are 3 things that are suggestive of non-accidental burn?

A
  1. Full thickness
  2. Distinct margins
  3. Varying depth
137
Q

Is a splash-like configuration of a burn more suggestive of accidental injury or abuse?

A

Accidental

138
Q

A stocking and glove distribution of a burn is indicative of what?

A

Non-accidental cause

139
Q

What is the first step in minor burn treatment?

A

Debridement and irrigation

140
Q

What should minor burns be cleaned with?

A

Gently with mild soap and water

141
Q

What do you need to ensure with burns?

A

Up to date tetanus immunization

142
Q

What is responsible for 80% of burn-related deaths?

A

Inhalation of smoke and its toxins

143
Q

Name 6 signs of airway injury in a burn

A
  1. Facial burns
  2. Carbonaceous (black) sputum
  3. Singeing of nasal hair and eyebrows
  4. Hoarseness
  5. Shortness of breath
  6. Stridor
144
Q

What is indicated if you suspect airway injury in burn?

A
  1. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy

2. Possible intubation (even prior to overt respiratory distress)

145
Q

Rule of 9s for children older than 9…?

A 
Trunk: 18% front, 18% back, 36% total
Arms: 9% each
Legs: 18% each
Head/Neck: 10%
Perineum: 1%
146
Q

Rule of 9s for infants…?

A

Trunk: 18% front, 18% back, 36% total
Arms: 9% each
Legs: 14% each
Head/Neck: 18%

147
Q

What is the palmar method for estimating burn %?

A

Palm is 1% of surface area

148
Q

How is infection prevention best accomplished with a laceration?

A

Irrigation and debridement

149
Q

How do you clean a laceration?

A

Irrigate with normal saline under low pressure

May need higher pressure in very contaminated wounds

150
Q

Do you need to shave hair in a laceration?

A

No

151
Q

True or False: Any laceration crossing the vermillion border should be referred to a plastic surgeon

A

True

Peds (35 decks)

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