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Peds > Cognition, Language, Learning > Flashcards

Cognition, Language, Learning Flashcards

1
Q

What is required to be considered to have an intellectual disability?

A

Limitations in intellectual functioning as well as adaptive/behavior skills originating before age 18

(within context of community/cultural/linguistic factors)

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2
Q

What are the five components of going about identifying a potential cause for intellectual disability?

A
  1. History: Behavioral patterns
  2. Family History: Stillborns, miscarriages, consanguinity
  3. PE: Dysmorphism/unusual features
  4. Genetic Testing
  5. Imaging: Microcephaly, ect
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3
Q

What is the imaging study of choice with concern for intellectual disability?

A

MRI

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4
Q

True or False: EEG is part of the workup for intellectual disability

A

False: In absence of seizures, EEG isn’t indicated

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5
Q

What are the 3 most common known causes of intellectual disability?

A
  1. Fetal alcohol syndrome
  2. Fragile X syndrome
  3. Down syndrome
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6
Q

What is the most common preventable cause of intellectual disability?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

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7
Q

What problems can kids with fetal alcohol syndrome who have IQs in normal range have?

A
  1. Neurobehavioral deficits

2. Increased risk for psychiatric disorders

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8
Q

What two mental health problems are kids with Down syndrome at increased risk for?

A
  1. ADHD

2. Oppositional-defiant disorder

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9
Q

What should you think if there is a family three filled with uncles with learning problems?

A

X-linked disorder like Fragile X

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10
Q

When is metabolic screening done in the workup of intellectual disability?

A

Only if there is PE findings or history to support testing

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11
Q

What is the most common cause of intellectual disability?

A

Genetics

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12
Q

Besides genetics, what are 2 other causes to consider for intellectual disability?

A
  1. Perinatal infection

2. Teratogen exposure

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13
Q

What IQ constitutes mild intellectual disability?

A

55-70

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14
Q

What IQ constitutes moderate intellectual disability?

A

40-55

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15
Q

What IQ constitutes severe intellectual disability?

A

25-40

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16
Q

What IQ constitutes profound intellectual disability?

A

Below 25

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17
Q

True or False: Severe intellectual disability is usually picked up at a younger age

A

True

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18
Q

What % of cases of intellectual disability fall in the mild range?

A

Up to 85%

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19
Q

When is mild intellectual disability usually picked up?

A

Time of entry into school (later than more severe intellectual disability)

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20
Q

What type of development can visual impairment delay?

A

Motor

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21
Q

What type of development in young children is often a better gauge of cognitive function?

A

Language (versus gross motor)

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22
Q

Up to what age can an infant with profound hearing loss demonstrate normal language development?

A

6-9 months: Babbling won’t progress to definite “mama” and “dada”

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23
Q

What is needed for a child younger than 6 who is having difficulty pronouncing certain consonants?

A

Reassurance

24
Q

How is ASD diagnosed?

A

Clinically

25
Q

Name 4 characteristics of ASD

A
  1. Serious impairment of social skills
  2. Delayed language development (except Asperger)
  3. Repetitive behaviors/restricted interests
  4. Presentation prior to 36 months
26
Q

What is an important component of autism which distinguishes it from of forms of language delay?

A
  1. Lack of eye contact

2. Lack of social engagement

27
Q

What is an important part of history in diagnosing ASD?

A

Child’s interactions with other family memeber

28
Q

What are 2 things which can help distinguish ASD from intellectual disability?

A
  1. Delayed/atypical language

2. Odd interests/activities

29
Q

What rules out ASD (for the most part)?

A

Good social interaction

30
Q

True or False: With Asperger syndrome, there is no language delay

A

True

31
Q

In what syndrome is development normal until age 1, then begins to regress?

A

Rett

32
Q

What syndrome should you think of with acquired microcephaly?

A

Rett

33
Q

What is a requirement for any child undergoing evaluation for a speech delay?

A

Hearing test

34
Q

What is important to screen for in family history with workup for a learning disability?

A

Others with speech, language, learning, or behavioral problems (ADHD)

(may be a clue to specific disorders like Fragile X)

35
Q

True or False: A child can have a learning disability with normal or even superior intelligence

A

True

36
Q

Learning disability is defined as a gap between the expected and observed performance in any of which 6 areas?

A
  1. Listening
  2. Speaking
  3. Reading
  4. Writing
  5. Reasoning
  6. Math skills
37
Q

Up until what age can a findings of a child who reverses letters (like b/d) be a normal finding?

A

Age 7

38
Q

What is key for learning disabilities?

A

Early intervention

*Delay in diagnosis can cause repeated academic failures and decreased school motivation

39
Q

Name 4 red flags for a learning disorder

A
  1. Delay in speech and language development
  2. Can’t recognize letters/numbers by the end of kindergarten
  3. Speech delay in preschooler
  4. Can’t read simple words by end of 1st grade
40
Q

True or False: There can be significant negative social impact when kids are held back a grade

A

True

*But moving someone on who is failing doesn’t address academic problems either

41
Q

Name 2 drugs which can alter school performance

A
  1. Anticonvulsants

2. Antihistamines

42
Q

What mental health problem can cause poor school performance?

A

Depression

*But, poor school performance can also cause depression

43
Q

Children with learning disabilities are at increased risk for what two things?

A
  1. Behavioral disorders

2. Mood disorders

44
Q

True or False: Learning disabilities can be outgrown

A

False

45
Q

What can be important for self esteem of a child with a learning disability?

A

Extracurricular activities

46
Q

What is encouraged for kids with learning disabilities?

A

Use of special tools: Private tutoring, resource room, ect.

47
Q

True or False: Most common eye disorders don’t impact ability to read

A

True

48
Q

When are things like tinted eyeglasses or eye gymnastics helpful to improve reading ability?

A

Never

49
Q

What should you consider with a child who is struggling in something like history or social studies?

A

Reading difficulty or problems with short term memory

50
Q

What do achievement tests distinguish between?

A

IQ (potential) and achievement (actual) intellectual peformance

51
Q

Name some factors which can influence intelligence testing

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Cultural/language bias
  3. Emotional/psychosocial factors
  4. Ability to focus/pay attention
52
Q

Which is more important on IQ tests (like the WISC-IV)… overall score or sub-test profile scores?

A

Subtest- this allows for more detailed information on child’s difficulties

53
Q

What does the WISC-IV stand for?

A

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

54
Q

What should you think with a child who has below normal scores on an achievement test despite a normal IQ?

A

Specific learning disability

55
Q

True or False: The predictive value of IQ testing increases with age

A

True

56
Q

What are the first 5 things to consider when you have a child with school failure?

A
  1. Medical history (signs of things like asthma, IBD, or neurological disorders like Tourette’s)
  2. Educational history
  3. Physical exam
  4. Family history
  5. Emotional issues (Recent divorce or move)
57
Q

Once you have gotten a good history and exam, what is the next thing to do for a child with school failure?

A

Testing

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